*Article* **Conceptualizing Shadow IT Integration Drawbacks from a Systemic Viewpoint**

#### **Melanie Huber 1,\*, Stephan Zimmermann 2, Christopher Rentrop 1 and Carsten Felden 3**


Received: 30 October 2018; Accepted: 29 November 2018; Published: 3 December 2018

**Abstract:** Business units are increasingly able to fuel the transformation that digitalization demands of organizations. Thereby, they can implement Shadow IT (SIT) without involving a central IT department to create flexible and innovative solutions. Self-reinforcing effects lead to an intertwinement of SIT with the organization. As a result, high complexities, redundancies, and sometimes even lock-ins occur. IT Integration suggests itself to meet these challenges. However, it can also eliminate the benefits that SIT presents. To help organizations in this area of conflict, we are conducting a literature review including a systematic search and an analysis from a systemic viewpoint using path dependency and switching costs. Our resulting conceptual framework for SIT integration drawbacks classifies the drawbacks into three dimensions. The first dimension consists of switching costs that account for the financial, procedural, and emotional drawbacks and the drawbacks from a loss of SIT benefits. The second dimension includes organizational, technical, and level-spanning criteria. The third dimension classifies the drawbacks into the global level, the local level, and the interaction between them. We contribute to the scientific discussion by introducing a systemic viewpoint to the research on shadow IT. Practitioners can use the presented criteria to collect evidence to reach an IT integration decision.

**Keywords:** shadow IT; IT integration; IT integration drawbacks; application integration; path dependency; path biography; switching costs
