*3.5. Productivity by Type of Institution and Country*

Establishing productivity based on the affiliation registered by the authors allows the evaluation and understanding of the information nodes that are being developed based on the geographical and institutional affiliations registered during the study period. In this sense, geographical affiliation is established by country, with China being the country with the highest productivity, with 28 articles, 26 authors, 28 authorships, and 15 centers. The second most productive country is the Russian Federation, with 21 articles, 21 authors, 21 authorships, and 9 centers. In relation to the number of citations, France is the country that concentrates the largest number of citations, with 410 in Scopus and 317 in WoS, with 9 and 2 articles identified in each database, respectively (Table 4).

**Table 4.** Number of centers, authors, and authorships by their country of affiliation.



**Table 4.** *Cont*.

\* R = ranking; f = frequency; C = centers; A = authors; As = authorships; hi% = relative frequency; TC total number of citations received for published articles; h-index = Hirsch's index (a quantitative method to evaluate the total effective output of a researcher [48]). Source: own elaboration.

With regard to productivity by institution, the presence of 47 different types of affiliation centers was registered (universities, institutes, private companies, public institutions, international organizations, etc.). However, universities are the ones that concentrate the highest number of affiliations, with 70.2% (33).

Table 5 shows the ranking of the most productive institutions, considering the number of authors. Universiti Sains Malaysia (Malaysia) occupies the first position followed by the University of Novi Sad (Serbia) and the Institute Of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (China), with 8 authors, respectively.


**Table 5.** Most productive institutions measured by authors and authorships.

\* R = ranking; A = authors; As = authorships. Source: own elaboration.

In relation to collaboration networks, collaboration at the institutional and geographical level is considered in the analysis. In 79% (53) of the 67 articles signed by several authors, the authors are affiliated to the same country, and the remaining 21% (14) are articles written by authors from different countries. In the first case, affiliated to the same country, 64% (34) of the articles are signed by authors from the same center and 36% (19) by authors from different centers.
