*3.6. Mesh*

The explicit coupling of the piezoelectric forces with the fluidic forces is achieved through the mesh velocities applied on the walls of the fluid chamber (Figure 4c). Hence the walls of the fluid chamber are finely meshed with the use of corner refinement and boundary layer mesh features (Figure 6). The remaining domains including fluid, piezoelectric actuator, membrane, and the substrate are meshed with the inbuilt physics-controlled mesh.

**Figure 6.** The adaptive lens meshed finely with corner refinement and boundary layer features.
