*Appendix A.2 Water Resources and Use in Pakistan and its Major Trade Partners*

Pakistan's water resources are scarcer than most of its major export partners. At 1711 m3/capita (By 2014, Pakistan had already become a water-stressed country with water availability 1306 m3/capita.), Pakistan is almost at the edge of entering the water scarcity threshold of 1500–1700 m3/capita in 2000 [62,71] (Table A1). Apart from Kenya, Saudi Arabia and UAE, Pakistan has much lower per capita renewable water resources than the countries it has negative net virtual water imports of blue VW. Among these three countries, Kenya is almost entirely rainfed, while Saudi Arabia and UAE have desert climates with small agriculture sectors. The per capita renewable water resources in Indonesia and Malaysia, the major import partners of Pakistan in terms of virtual water (most of which is green VW), are around 8 and 20 times that of Pakistan's.

The water use intensity in a country is reflected by the ratio of freshwater withdrawal to total renewable water resources. Again, Pakistan's ratio of 70%, which is much larger than the water criticality threshold suggested by Reference [72], is also higher than most of its major trade partners. The ratio of irrigated area to total crop area in Pakistan is higher than most of its major trading partners, with minimal coverage in Indonesia and Malaysia.

Water stress is indicated by the ratio of total annual freshwater withdrawals to hydrological availability. Pfister (2009) [57] uses the concept of water stress to define water stress index (WSI), which indicates the portion of withdrawals of blue water that deprives other users of freshwater, ranging from zero to one (zero being no stress). We can see from the last column of Table 1A that, except the two desert regions, that is, Saudi Arabia and UAE, Pakistan's WSI is greater than all its trading partners. The higher WSI further indicates that Pakistan is exporting its scarce blue virtual water to relatively water abundant regions of the world.

**List of fruits:** Almonds shelled, Apples, Apricots, Apricots dry, Avocados, Bananas, Cake copra, Cashew nuts shelled, Cherries, Chestnut, Coconuts, Coconuts desiccated, Copra, Currants, Dates, Figs, Figs dried, Fruit cooked homogenized preparations, Fruit dried nes, Fruit fresh nes, Fruit prepared nes, Fruit tropical fresh nes, Grapefruit (inc. pomelos), Grapes, Hazelnuts shelled, Juice citrus concentrated, Juice citrus single strength, Juice fruit nes, Juice grape, Juice grapefruit, Juice grapefruit concentrated, Juice orange concentrated, Juice orange single strength, Juice pineapple, Juice pineapple concentrated, Kiwi fruit, Lemons and limes, Mangoes, Guavas, Nuts, nes, Nuts prepared (exc. groundnuts), Olives, Olives preserved, Oranges, Papayas, Peaches and nectarines, Pears, Persimmons, Pineapples, Pineapples canned, Pistachios, Plantains, Plums, Plums dried (prunes), Raisins, Strawberries, Tangerines mandarins, satsumas, Walnuts shelled, Walnuts with shell [39].

**List of vegetables:** Artichokes, Asparagus, Beans dry, Beans green, Broad beans (horse beans dry), Cabbages and other brassicas, Carrots and turnips, Cauliflowers and broccoli, Chickpeas, Chilies and peppers dry, Chilies and peppers green, Cucumbers and gherkins, Eggplants (aubergines), Garlic, Ginger, Juice tomato, Leeks other alliaceous vegetables, Lentils, Lettuce and chicory, Melons other (inc. cantaloupes), Mushrooms and truffles, Mushrooms canned, Onions dry, Onions shallots green, Peas dry, Peas green, Pepper (piper spp.), Potatoes, Potatoes frozen, Pumpkins squash and gourds, Spinach, Sweet potatoes, Tomatoes peeled, Vegetables in vinegar, Vegetables dehydrated, Vegetables fresh nes, Vegetables fresh or dried products nes, Vegetables frozen, Vegetables homogenized preparations, Vegetables preserved nes, Vegetable preserved frozen, Vegetables temporarily preserved, Watermelons [39].



1.

**Table**
