3.2.2. Mutation

Here, each individual becomes a target vector. Mutation is performed for all N particles in the search space and hence it expands the search space. For a particular particle xi,G, three random vectors are taken such as xr1,G, xr2,G, andxr3,G in such a manner that all the indices i, r1, r2, and r3 are distinct from each other.

For finding out the donor vector (the new particle formed from the mutation process), add the weighted difference of two vectors with the third vector:

$$\mathbf{u}\_{\rm i,G+1} = \mathbf{x}\_{\rm r1,G} + \mathbf{F}(\mathbf{x}\_{\rm r2,G} - \mathbf{x}\_{\rm r3,G}) \tag{11}$$

where F is the mutation factor, which lies between [0,2]; ui,G+<sup>1</sup> is the donor vector.
