**3. Proposed BES System and Control**

Figure 5 shows the structure of the proposed PV-BES system. The BES connects at the terminals of the PV and executes ramping of the combined power of the PV-BES system. The BES either generates locally or receives the ramp-up-rate (RUR) and ramp-down-rate (RDR) signals from the grid operator and adjusts its operation accordingly. This can (1) prevent the abrupt PV disturbances, and (2) re-shape the daily load profile, as will be demonstrated in this paper.

**Figure 5.** Structure of proposed PV-battery energy storage (BES).

#### *3.1. Defining Operational Scenario of BES*

Figure 6a shows the scenario where PV power (*P*pvo) experiences an abrupt fall followed by an abrupt rise. The BES power, shown in Figure 6b, compensates this sudden disturbance and the combined power of PV-BES system, *P*o, has controlled ramp down/up. The charging and discharging of the BES causes rise/fall of its state-of-charge (SOC), as shown in Figure 6c. The BES control system should be equipped with an SOC control that charges/discharges the battery after the response to the disturbance is completed to regulate its SOC to the desired level.

**Figure 6.** Operational scenario of the BES.
