*2.2. EPD Process*

Suspensions containing 20 g/L of BG were prepared in 100 mL of distilled water by dispersing the particles via magnetic stirring and sonication (model UD-100; Tomy Seiko, Tokyo, Japan) for 600 s (The BG in distilled water was 0.2 g/mL). The stainless-steel specimens were encapsulated in a silicone impression material except for an exposed deposition area 14 mm in diameter. The EPD cell included two parallel stainless steel disk specimens as the deposition and counter electrodes; the distance between the electrodes was maintained at 3 mm. The coating was deposited using direct current (DC) or 1-kHz sine-wave alternating current (AC). Constant voltages (10 and 15 V) were applied and the deposition time was 10 min for all conditions. All measured pH values of the mixed suspension were pH 12.0 ± 0.1. After deposition, a coated specimen was gently removed from the suspension and dried at room temperature for 24 h before further characterization (Figure 1).

**Figure 1.** Photomicrographs of the non- and bioactive glass (BG)-coated specimens.
