**4. Conclusions**

Our parametric studies demonstrate that material symmetry plays an important role in the residual stress distribution in the composite cylinder under thermal excitation. The combination of material symmetry and temperature dependence in material properties may lead to complex residual stress patterns. In designing cylinders as components for engineering applications, plastic anisotropic effects cannot be ignored since they cause the orientational dependence in stress distribution along the circumferential coordinate. In addition, considerations of all material properties to be temperature dependent are important to reflect the physical processes in materials at high temperature. Residual stresses calculated from only considering yield stress to be temperature dependent are different from those with all TD material parameters. The assumptions of TI material properties do not reduce yield stress at high temperatures, hence larger internal stresses under loading are obtained when compared

to the TD case. It is found that the TD case may give rise to complex residual stress distribution, as opposed to the TI case. Our numerical results and analysis procedure presented here may serve as a methodology generating numerical data for benchmark tests to compare with future analytical or experimental solutions.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.B.Z., Y.-C.W. and S.A.; methodology, S.B.Z., H.-W.L. and Y.-C.W.; software, S.B.Z., H.-W.L. and Y.-C.W.; validation, S.B.Z., H.-W.L. and Y.-C.W.; formal analysis, Y.-C.W. and S.A.; investigation, S.B.Z., H.-W.L., Y.-C.W. and S.A.; resources, Y.-C.W. and S.A.; data curation, S.B.Z., H.-W.L. and Y.-C.W.; writing—original draft preparation, S.B.Z., H.-W.L., Y.-C.W. and S.A.; writing—review and editing, S.B.Z., H.-W.L., Y.-C.W. and S.A.; visualization, S.B.Z., H.-W.L. and Y.-C.W.; supervision, Y.-C.W. and S.A.; project administration, Y.-C.W. and S.A.; funding acquisition, Y.-C.W.

**Funding:** This research was funded, in part, by Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, gran<sup>t</sup> number MOST 107-2221-E-006-028.

**Acknowledgments:** This research was, in part, supported by the Ministry of Education, Taiwan, R.O.C, and the Aim for the Top University Project to the National Cheng Kung University (NCKU). Y.-C.W. is grateful to the National Center for High-performance Computing, Taiwan, for computer time and facilities.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
