**2. SEM Policy Governance in India**

The Government of India (GoI) has been developing policies and programmes to guide the mainstreaming of SEM into urban planning. To meet citizens' energy needs and reduce carbon emissions, the Indian government has adopted a two-pronged approach, focusing on supply and demand. In the area of power generation, the focus is on greater use of renewable energy (solar and wind). In the current policy landscape, the impetus to reimagine national energy supply and demand management through technological advances is in place. In addition, in accordance with the intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs), a strategy has been developed to reduce the emission intensity of the GDP by 33–35 per cent by 2030 from 2005 levels and to achieve 40 per cent fossil-free power generation capacity by 2030 [8]. On the demand side, efforts are being made to improve energy efficiency through innovative policy measures that fall within the scope of the Energy Conservation Act of 2001. In this section, some of the key SEM policies are discussed.
