*3.4. Volume Resistivity and Comparison with that of Previous Studies*

The volume resistivity of the obtained conductive film prepared by using the vehicle 2 after IPL irradiation at 8.30 J cm−<sup>2</sup> was estimated. The thickness of the film after IPL irradiation was 20 μm, as determined from a cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy image (Figure S8). Assuming that 60% (Table 5) of the film from the sample surface was converted from copper nitride to copper, it is estimated that a conductive layer with a thickness of 12 μm was produced.

The results of previously published studies are shown in Table 6 together with the results of the present study. In these previously published studies, various materials (i.e., copper, copper(II) oxide, and copper organic complex) and particle shapes (i.e., nanoparticles, microparticles, and nanowire) were successfully used to produce conductive films via IPL irradiation. Although direct comparison of the results of these studies is difficult owing to differences in the spectra of the light sources used, the film in the present study had lower resistivity obtained by IPL irradiation with lower energy density than those previously reported. In the future, we intend to find the irradiation conditions and additives to obtain a conductive film with better characteristics.


 =

Comparison of compound information and obtained values of resistance described in the present study with previously reported

> **Table 6.**

 values.
