*2.1. Animals*

The investigation conformed to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, National Academy of Sciences, 8th edition, 2011) and was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (ACORP 7435-1, VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA). We used 12 and 12 eight-week-old male Brown Norway (BN) rats [32–34] for the IR experiments and for dose-response experiments, respectively.
