**5. Conclusions**

After the analysis of the spatial and temporal characteristics of famine-related migration and allocation of the disaster relief in the North China Famine of 1876–1879, the conclusions were summarized as follows:


**Author Contributions:** X.Z. performed research, analyzed data, and wrote the original manuscript; X.F. revised the original manuscript of the paper and made contributions to the research ideas. Y.S. designed research, revised the original manuscript of the paper and discussed the results. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFA0605602) and National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (No. 41771572).

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
