**5. Conclusions**

The study first analyzed the spatiotemporal variations of temperature in the YRD during the period of 1980–2012 by using the trend analysis method; then, we investigated the spatiotemporal complexity of temperature on di fferent time scales by using the correlation dimension; finally, the effects of driving factors and their interactions on TS in the YRD during the period of 1980–2012 was analyzed by using the Geogdetector method. Summarizing this study, the main conclusions are as follows:


the annual time scale, the temperature process was more complicated in the sparse areas of population and urban than the dense areas of population and urban.

3. Socioeconomic factors were the main factors a ffecting climate change in the YRD, and the contribution rate of urban density is the largest among the contribution rates of single factors. In addition, the interactions between various driving factors had an enhanced e ffect on regional climate change. In addition, the interaction between economic activity and urban density had the largest influence on temperature.

**Author Contributions:** C.Z. designed, carried out the analysis, and wrote the manuscript. N.Z. revised the paper and refined the results, conclusion, and abstract. D.Y. discussed the results. N.Z. edited the figures. J.X. revised the paper and gave the commentary. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi, Grant No. 2019L0477 and the Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China, Grant No. 19YJA890006.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors are grateful to the Resource and Environmental Science Data Center (http://www. resdc.cn) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System (http: //cdc.cma.gov.cn/) for providing data. The authors appreciate the insightful comments of anonymous reviewers.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
