**5. Conclusions**

This study is the first attempt to probe into long-term climate change (warm/wet versus cold/dry) and its association with the hot spots of di fferent types of war (all war, agri-nomadic conflict, and rebellion) in imperial China. Looking at the connection from a spatiotemporal perspective with the aid of a few quantitative and visualization techniques, we conclude the following:


**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/4/378/s1, Figure S1: Comparisons of battle number counted within the grids of (a) 50 km, (b) 100 km, and (c) 200 km for each side of a cell, Figure S2: Geographical features of China mentioned in the main text, Table S1: History of China in the study period, Table S2a: N–S confrontation within China Proper during warm and cold phase, 5–1911 CE, Table S2b: N–S confrontation within China Proper during wet and dry phase, 1–1911 CE, Table S3: The Global Moran's *I* for di fferent categories of war and climatic stages based on the grids of 50, 100, and 200 km.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, D.D.Z.; Data curation, S.Z. and D.D.Z.; Formal analysis, S.Z.; Funding acquisition, D.D.Z.; Investigation, S.Z.; Methodology, S.Z. and D.D.Z.; Project administration, D.D.Z.; Resources, D.D.Z.; Supervision, D.D.Z. and J.L.; Validation, S.Z., D.D.Z., and J.L.; Visualization, S.Z.; Writing—original draft, S.Z.; Writing—review and editing, S.Z., D.D.Z., and J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Fund for Key Platform Construction Project–Special Project of High Level University Construction at Guangzhou University, gran<sup>t</sup> number 290020363.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on this manuscript. **ConflictsofInterest:**Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictof interest.
