3.1.4. Learning Criterion

We used the fixed-number of consecutive responses method (FCCR) to simplify the analysis process in order to determine when a participant had su fficiently acquired the response mapping, as we have done in the past [38]. With this method, a subject fulfilled the learning criterion when they could make four correct responses (or non-responses) in a row for each stimulus.

#### 3.1.5. EEG Recording and Pre-Processing

The dEEG was recorded using a 256-channel HydroCel Geodesic Sensor Net (HCGSN) and the data were amplified using a Net Amps 400 Amplifier (Electrical Geodesics, Inc., Eugene, OR). The recordings were referenced to Cz and impedances were maintained below 50 k Ω. dEEG was bandpass filtered (0.1–100 Hz) upon being sampled at 250 s/s with a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter.

After recording, the signals were filtered between 0.1–30 Hz bandpass and segmented into 1200 ms long segments time-locked to the onset of each stimulus (segments extended 200 ms before and 1000 ms after the stimulus onset). Segments containing eyeblinks, muscle tension, major eye movements, or large head movements with 10 or more channels exceeding an absolute voltage threshold of 140 μV were excluded from a participant's average. Segments containing minor eye movements (saccades) were not fully rejected, given the lack of overlap between the latency and distribution of the saccades

with the latency and location of the Medial Frontal Negativity (MFN), LIAN, and P300b (P3b). All of the data were re-referenced to the average reference for analysis.
