*2.2. Measures*

#### 2.2.1. Workplace Bullying

Exposure to workplace bullying was measured by twenty-two items of the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ-Revised) [49]. Employees were asked to report the extent to which they had been exposed to specific negative behaviors at their workplace within the previous six months. Sample items include "Someone withholding information which affects your performance", "Being ordered to do work below your level of competence", and "Having your opinions and views ignored". Each item was rated on a 5-point scale such as 0 = *never*,1= *now and then*,2= *monthly*,3= *every week*, and 4 = *daily*. Some previous studies considered a frequency of roughly weekly exposure over about 6 months as severe cases of workplace bullying [1]. To capture the effect of any exposure to workplace bullying in this study, we considered responses 1 or higher as *having exposure to workplace bullying* (=1 vs. 0 = *no exposure to workplace bullying*). Then we summed the binary indicators across 22 items to create total workplace bullying exposure variable; higher scores representing more exposure to workplace bullying. The Cronbach's alpha for the 22 items was 0.92.
