*3.2. Duration of Breastfeeding*

Table 3 presents the maternal demographic, employment, pregnancy, and breastfeeding characteristics stratified by duration of breastfeeding (less than 4 months or 4 months or longer). There was no difference in age, race/ethnicity, employment status, or industry by duration of breastfeeding (all *p* > 0.099). During pregnancy, 73.8% of women who breastfed for 4 months or longer hoped to only breastfeed, compared to 50.4% of women who breastfed less than 4 months (*p* = 0.000), and there was no difference in the percentage of women who receive information about breastfeeding during pregnancy by duration of breastfeeding (*p* = 0.736). Across reasons for stopping breastfeeding, compared to women who breastfed 4 months or longer, a greater percentage of women who breastfed for less than 4 months stopped breastfeeding for physiological reasons (86.6% vs. 64.7%, *p* = 0.000), a smaller

percentage stopped breastfeeding when they met their breastfeeding goal (1.5% vs. 28.1%, *p* = 0.000), and there was no difference in the percentage of women who stopped breastfeeding due to other commitments (*p* = 0.888).


**Table 3.** Maternal Demographic, Employment, Pregnancy, and Breastfeeding Characteristics by Duration of Breastfeeding (<4 Months vs. ≥4 Months).

<sup>1</sup> *p*-Value was based on Fisher's exact tests or Fisher's exact tests with Freeman and Halton's adaptations for RxC tables. <sup>2</sup> Statistical significance (\*) was based on an alpha of 0.05 with Bonferroni correction based on the number of comparisons within each category or domain (with no correction for demographic variables). A Monte Carlo estimation with 10,000,000 samples was used to calculate Fisher–Freeman–Halton statistics for tables with industry. Estimates were considered marginally significant (ˆ) if they met the alpha criteria of 0.05 but were no longer significant after Bonferroni correction.

Table 4 presents the maternal workplace characteristics stratified by duration of breastfeeding (less than 4 months or 4 months or longer). Within the policies and culture domain, there was one marginally significant difference by duration of breastfeeding. A greater percentage of women who breastfed 4 months or longer had break times for pumping, compared to women who breastfed less than 4 months (53.3% vs. 39.8%, *p* = 0.032, not significant after Bonferroni correction). Within the physical environment and safety climate domain, there were two marginally significant differences by duration of breastfeeding. Compared to women who breastfed less than 4 months, a greater percentage of women who breastfed 4 months or longer had private pumping spaces (46.2% vs. 33.0%, *p* = 0.035, not significant after Bonferroni correction) and utilities that supported breastfeeding (85.9% vs. 69.5%, *p* = 0.022, not significant after Bonferroni correction). Among women who breastfed 4 months or longer, 56.3% pumped at work, compared to 13.6% of women who breastfed less than 4 months (*p* = 0.000). Within the work evaluation and experience domain, there were no significant differences by duration of breastfeeding (all *p* > 0.300).


**Table 4.** Maternal Workplace Characteristics by Duration of Breastfeeding (<4 Months Versus ≥4 Months).

<sup>1</sup> For the Total Worker Health well-being domain questions, survey participants were only instructed to reply for their current job, and if they were currently on maternity leave or recently left their job, they were asked to respond for their most recent job. <sup>2</sup> *p*-Value was based on Fisher's exact tests or Fisher's exact tests with Freeman and Halton's adaptations for RxC tables. <sup>3</sup> Statistical significance (\*) was based on an alpha of 0.05 with Bonferroni correction based on the number of comparisons within each category or domain (with no correction for demographic variables). A Monte Carlo estimation with 10,000,000 samples was used to calculate Fisher–Freeman–Halton statistics for tables with industry. Estimates were considered marginally significant (ˆ) if they met the alpha criteria of 0.05 but were no longer significant after Bonferroni correction.

Similar to Table 2, there was a consistent pattern of women with responses of "not sure" to workplace questions in Table 4. Except for other maternity leave, women who breastfed less than 4 months had greater percentages of "not sure" responses than women who breastfed 4 months or longer. Across marginally significant associations for having pumping break times, flexible times for pumping, private pumping spaces, and onsite utilities for pumping, the percentages of women "not sure" were greater for women who breastfed less than 4 months (range: 30.5–49.1%) than women who breastfed 4 months or longer (range: 14.1–32.0%).
