2.2.4. Occupational Health

To assess employees' overall perceived health affected by their occupation, we used two items adapted from Zoller's [52] interview question in terms of physical and psychological aspects. The items read, "How does your job affect your physical health?" and "How does your job affect your mental health?" Responses were coded as 1 = *very negatively*,2= *negatively*,3= *neither negatively nor positively*, 4 = *positively*,5= *very positively.* The mean of the two items was calculated, such that higher scores reflected greater occupational health.

## 2.2.5. Covariates

We controlled for employees' sociodemographic and work characteristics as covariates, including age, gender, education level, and work hours. Age and work hours as continuous variables were self-reported in years and hours, respectively. Gender (0 = *male*,1= *female*) and education level (0 = *under college graduate*,1= *college graduate or higher*) were dummy coded. In addition, we considered potential differences by industry. In our sample, the banking industry had the largest number of employees (see Table 1) and thus served as the reference group (1 = *healthcare*,2= *education*,3= *banking*; reference group).
