*2.2. Process*

The selected scale was based on the theoretical approach of Visible Thinking [28] and the Culture of Thinking [22], pointing towards the promotion of HOTS [20,21]. As mentioned, the scale was adapted from the checklist on the self-assessment and the promotion of classroom thinking by teachers [12] used in research in di fferent international contexts [23,32].

The procedure of transcultural adaptation of the items was carried out over the course of the year 2017, using the conceptual translation/retranslation method and following the recommendations of the scientific literature. Based on previous research [4,22,33], the implementation process was divided in two phases involving four actions as follows:

	- • Translation of the English version to Spanish for grammatical, linguistic, semantic and legibility analysis of the questionnaire.
	- • Retro-translation.
	- • Expert judgement.
	- • Administration of the questionnaire. It was administered to the students within the classrooms, along with lectures. Participants were informed by researchers on the goal of the study, as well as of the instructions. The nonrandomised selection of participants was as follows: (a) O fficial contact with the faculty members requesting the collection of data. (b) Planning and consensus of schedules, timing and places for the questionnaire implementation. (c) Application of the questionnaire.
	- • Analysis and proposal of a Spanish version of the questionnaire. The adjusted analysis was used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire, based on the data obtained with the fieldwork.
