*2.3. Instruments*

The implemented of the Eight-Cultural-Forces Scale [22] was carried out to explore how students themselves perceive the enculturation of thinking being favoured during their preservice teacher training. Through a total of 40 items, grouped into 8 dimensions with 5 items each, the eight subsequent dimensions were registered (Table 1). The type of scaling presents a Likert-type numerical rating of 1 to 5, where 1 represents the lowest rating (referenced as Never) and where 5 represents the highest rating (referenced as Always).


**Table 1.** Dimensions and items of the Eight-Cultural-Forces Scale.


**Table 1.** *Cont.*
