**4. Conclusions**

Recent advances in cancer treatment have confirmed that immunotherapy is useful in the ever-evolving fight against cancer. Preclinical studies such as the ones listed above clearly illustrate that VLP can efficiently stimulate the immune system not only against the antigens of the microbial world but also against tumor-associated self-antigens. VLP can target solid tumors or CSCs with the potential to be used as prophylactic or therapeutic cancer vaccines, alone or in combination with chemotherapy, checkpoint inhibitors, or future therapies.

**Author Contributions:** J.C.C.: conceptualization and writing (original draft, figures and tables and editing); M.P., F.P. and F.C.: conceptualization and writing (review). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Acknowledgments:** This work was supported by grants from the Fondazione Ricerca Molinette Onlus.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.

#### **References**


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