*2.8. Cell Cultures*

Human intestinal epithelial HT-29 and murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Both cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagles's medium (Lonza) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (5000 U/mL, Lonza). The cells were plated at densities of ~1 <sup>×</sup> 106 cells in 75 cm2 culture flasks and maintained at 37 ◦C under 5% CO2 in a humidified incubator until 90% confluence. The culture medium was changed every 2 days. Before a confluent monolayer appeared, sub-culturing cell process was carried out.
