*3.1. A Framework for Utility Data Governance*

From data capture to usage, the whole work process includes several participants in different stages. Hence, in order to improve the communication between different organizations at each phase, our previous work [3] proposed a framework for underground utility data governance. After observing the current work process in Singapore, this framework has been improved to organize the entire work process (Figure 7). This framework consists of five roles that are listed in the following:


**Figure 7.** The framework of underground utility network data governance.

In this work process, the surveyor as data producer captures data during the field work. After that, the data will be submitted to data owner (e.g., PUB) who needs to manage their own utility networks data. According to the requirements of government, the utility data will be submitted to data regulatory bodies (e.g., PUB and SLA). There are two options for data submission. A general utility network data model will be designed as a standard to manage underground utility data for data regulatory bodies. If the data regulatory body does not have any utility data model, they can use this standard data model. If they have their utility data model, they can continue to use it or change to use the standard one. A consolidated 3D utility data model will be designed to support utility cadastre management. The data integrator (e.g., SLA) needs to integrate data of different kinds of utility networks. The LADM plays as

a connection component to build a relationship between the general utility network data model and utility cadastre data model in the utility cadastre management. Meanwhile, the LADM will connect the underground utility network to the land administration of above ground. Finally, the underground utility data model should support applications in land administrative management.
