**6. Conclusions**

The paper has described challenges around land tenure mapping in Kenya and presented potential remote sensing methodologies that respond to current end user needs and that are furthermore investigated from a governance perspective. Although the 2010 Constitution resulted in a land policy reform setting out a framework to better respond to the needs of large customary groups in Kenya, actual implementation is slow and both county governments and communities themselves continue to grapple with a multitude of issues relating to rapid urbanization, unmanaged development, and unregulated land activities. Communities are not engaged with land policies, and spatial planning and needs are not being met. For counties like Kajiado, these challenges are further exacerbated by issues of scale, high levels of corruption and poor-quality of existing land data. In future, since the needs are changing with time the new technologies in support of land administration should definitely be adapted accordingly.

With regards to the demonstrated remote sensing methodologies, SmartSkeMa was revealed as a versatile land data acquisition tool that requires little expertise to be used and is based on community participation; UAVs were identified as having a high potential for creating up-to-date base maps to support the current land administration system; the automatic boundary extraction approaches designed for areas demarcated by physical objects and are thus visible were found to be useful for collecting information on land tenure, land value, as well as land use (aligned with the 10 aspects).

Finally, with regards to ensuring responsible governance related to the scaled implementation of the remote sensing methodologies, as there is no appropriate legal framework for applying them, the viability and medium timeframe for increased usage in the sector remains unclear. A more robust legal framework could strengthen authority; operationalize in administrative orders,rules andplanning; and serve as the basic control system (for possible sanctions). After establishing the framework, if not during, serious attention needs to be given to the cooperation between all relevant actors, where interorganizational relations are ruled by the acknowledgement of mutual interdependencies, trust and the responsibilities of each actor.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization: M.K., C.S., S.C., S.H., M.C., J.S., R.B., J.Z., C.L., and J.C.; Funding acquisition, R.B.; Visualization: M.K., C.S., S.C., S.H., M.C., and J.S.; Writing—original draft: M.K., C.S., S.C., S.H., M.C., J.S., and I.B., Review & editing: M.K., C.S., S.C., S.H., M.C., J.S., R.B., J.Z., G.V., C.L., J.C., I.B., G.W., and V.P., Fieldwork support: G.W., R.W., P.O.O., G.T.O., and B.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The research described in this paper was funded by the research project "its4land", which is part of the Horizon 2020 program of the European Union, project number 687828.

**Acknowledgments:** Its4land team would like to express also their acknowledgements to Gordon Wayumba, Robert Wayumba, Peter Ochieng Odwe, George Ted Osewe, Beatrice Chika, and their colleagues for their support during the fieldworks and workshops.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
