**2. Materials and Methods**

In the current section, the methods for detecting changes from point clouds and their possible links with LADM and the 3D database will be explained (Figure 3). We set an external model between the attributed point clouds and LADM to execute 3D operations (e.g., to check the topology and calculate the area) on the point clouds and fed into the LADM. For understanding the changes, first, we classified the point clouds of each epoch to permanent (e.g., walls, floors, ceilings) and temporary structures (e.g., furniture, outliers) using the methods in [42] (Step 1, Figure 3). Second, space subdivisions, such as rooms, corridors, staircases, were extracted from the point clouds of each epoch (Step 2, Figure 3). Two epochs were then co-registered and the geometric differences were extracted. The changes were classified as important changes, such as permanent structure and temporary changes, such as changes in the furniture (Step 3, Figure 3). Furthermore, the relevant changes for 3D Cadastre were distinguished from other changes (Step 4, Figure 3) and were connected to the space subdivisions. Each space subdivision represented a semantic space that was associated with the 3D Cadastre attributes (Step 5, Figure 3). Finally, the related 3D Cadastre changes were queried from the database and a Cadastre expert decided the updating of the Cadastre records (Figure 3).

**Figure 3.** Methodology.
