**Xue Xia, Claudio Persello \* and Mila Koeva**

Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands

**\*** Correspondence: c.persello@utwente.nl

Received: 12 June 2019; Accepted: 18 July 2019; Published: 20 July 2019

**Abstract:** There is a growing demand for cheap and fast cadastral mapping methods to face the challenge of 70% global unregistered land rights. As traditional on-site field surveying is time-consuming and labor intensive, imagery-based cadastral mapping has in recent years been advocated by fit-for-purpose (FFP) land administration. However, owing to the semantic gap between the high-level cadastral boundary concept and low-level visual cues in the imagery, improving the accuracy of automatic boundary delineation remains a major challenge. In this research, we use imageries acquired by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) to explore the potential of deep Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs) for cadastral boundary detection in urban and semi-urban areas. We test the performance of FCNs against other state-of-the-art techniques, including Multi-Resolution Segmentation (MRS) and Globalized Probability of Boundary (gPb) in two case study sites in Rwanda. Experimental results show that FCNs outperformed MRS and gPb in both study areas and achieved an average accuracy of 0.79 in precision, 0.37 in recall and 0.50 in F-score. In conclusion, FCNs are able to effectively extract cadastral boundaries, especially when a large proportion of cadastral boundaries are visible. This automated method could minimize manual digitization and reduce field work, thus facilitating the current cadastral mapping and updating practices.

**Keywords:** deep learning; fully convolutional networks; cadaster boundaries; contour detection; unmanned aerial vehicles
