**5. Conclusions**

In summary, this paper describes the process of development and validation of a questionnaire with nine dimensions of knowledge management in healthcare organizations, perceptions of knowledge management, intrinsic and extrinsic motives, knowledge creation and sharing, cooperation, leadership, culture, and barriers. The introduction with AKMI makes a novel contribution to the study of KM in the area of healthcare organizations, adopting a social orientation at which employees and managers are the protagonists for successful KM in contrast to systems and sophisticated structures. Thus, AKMI has theoretical and practical implications. Universities may use the scale to explore knowledge management as a social process, at which people are the drivers of knowledge, smoothing the transitions from academia to practice. Similarly, it is useful to managers who need to know how they could motivate their personnel to engage in knowledge creation and sharing in an unimpeded way, in a working environment where innovation is supported.

Hospitals, as part of their operations, need to use knowledge-management systems to facilitate their operations' sustainably. Learning is an essential process, which is related to knowledge management [80]. The knowledge-creation process can lead to a sustainable competitive advantage process. However, few studies have empirically investigated how individual characteristics and organizational work practices influence knowledge sharing [81]. The knowledge creation process is vital for sustainability [82], and social media have an impact on this process [83]. Knowledge management enablers such as organizational structure, information technology (IT), strategy, and culture can be essential factors for the sustainability process of any healthcare organization. Different categories of healthcare employees have their role within sustainable operations, and human resources managers are encouraged to recruit people with the right qualifications to apply knowledge management.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, I.K. and M.A.T.; methodology, F.K. and M.A.T.; software, I.K. and F.K.; data curation I.K. and F.K., I.K.; writing—original draft preparation, I.K.; writing—review and editing, M.A.T.; supervision, M.A.T.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to express their gratitude to the participants of the survey.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**


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