Land Transport and Transport via Pipelines

The RULA method was used in various studies to analyse drivers of different vehicles, such as garbage trucks and road-cleaning trucks. In total, 77 workers participated. The study concluded that the neck was the most affected area. The scores obtained varied depending on whether an adjustable seat was used [147]. Drivers of dangerous goods vehicles also suffered discomfort in the neck region, as well as in the feet, ankles, hands, etc. According to RULA, immediate changes to the tasks were required [136]. Similarly, car drivers were assessed, but this time RULA was used along with other methods such as OWAS and CORLETT. Goniometry was applied on some workers. The results showed different levels of discomfort in various parts of the body [145]. The method was used together with OCRA to assess workers in five transport company posts. In addition, a group interview was carried out. RULA demonstrated action Levels 1 and 2 [143].

Hoy et al. [146] studied the vibrations and postures to which forklift drivers were exposed. RULA, OWAS and a questionnaire were applied, and the vibrations were measured. The posture test results showed frequent lumbar discomfort. The highest risk level postures were those comprising a bent or twisted torso.

Another such study focused on wheelchair-support bus drivers. The assessment involved four workers and one passenger. Three different wheelchairs were used. The RULA, REBA, PLIBEL and iLMM methods were employed. High-level risks were determined during this task [144].

Balaji and Alphin [140] focused on drivers of industrial vehicles. Their objective was to optimise the worker's area in the vehicle in order to reduce discomfort from the postures adopted. The software analysis was performed using RULA and REBA. Nearly half of the workers performed the task at a high-risk level. The areas most affected were the arm, wrist and torso.

Lastly, a new type of nozzle was developed for fuel refilling hoses. One hundred people were assessed using RULA while putting fuel in their vehicles. The postures were shown to be less harmful with the new design [139].
