**Ludwig T. Weckbach 1,2,3,4,\*, Andreas Uhl 1,2,3, Felicitas Boehm 1,2,3, Valentina Seitelberger 1, Bruno C. Huber 1, Gabriela Kania 5, Stefan Brunner 1,**† **and Ulrich Grabmaier 1,4,**†


Received: 17 September 2019; Accepted: 9 October 2019; Published: 17 October 2019

**Abstract:** The lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) is a member of the beta2-integrin family and plays a pivotal role for T cell activation and leukocyte trafficking under inflammatory conditions. Blocking LFA-1 has reduced or aggravated inflammation depending on the inflammation model. To investigate the effect of LFA-1 in myocarditis, mice with experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) were treated with a function blocking anti-LFA-1 antibody from day 1 of disease until day 21, the peak of inflammation. Cardiac inflammation was evaluated by measuring infiltration of leukocytes into the inflamed cardiac tissue using histology and flow cytometry and was assessed by analysis of the heart weight/body weight ratio. LFA-1 antibody treatment severely enhanced leukocyte infiltration, in particular infiltration of CD11b+ monocytes, F4/80+ macrophages, CD4+ T cells, Ly6G+ neutrophils, and CD133+ progenitor cells at peak of inflammation which was accompanied by an increased heart weight/body weight ratio. Thus, blocking LFA-1 starting at the time of immunization severely aggravated acute cardiac inflammation in the EAM model.

**Keywords:** myocarditis; inflammation; leukocytes
