**3. Results**

#### *3.1. Possible Pathomechanisms for BoNT-A in Treating IC*/*BPS*

BoNT is well-known for its ability to inhibit acetylcholine release, which results in muscle paralysis [11]. However, current evidence shows that the possible pathomechanisms of using BoNT-A for treatment of IC/BPS involve additional pathways, including anti-inflammatory effects and sensory modulation in the urothelium [12].
