**8. Conclusions**

BoNT-A injections are widely used in functional urology disorders, and therapeutic benefits have been noticed across a wide range of lower urinary tract diseases. However, approval for indication has been obtained only for management of idiopathic OAB and NDO owing to SCI or multiple sclerosis. The United States and some other countries also approved use for the detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contractile function. Moreover, for IC/BPS patients' refractory to medical treatment, BoNT-A injections are considered the standard of treatment according to different guidelines. The pathophysiology of BoNT-A injection to different functional disorders is increasingly revealed in various clinical trials, and with promising therapeutic results of novel BoNT-A applications, including DV, BPH, and chronic prostatitis. However, not all patients of functional urology disorders refractory to conventional therapy can benefit from BoNT-A treatment, possibly because the underlying pathophysiology of these diseases has not been entirely clarified.

**Funding:** This research was funded by Ministry of Science and Technology (107-2314-B-567-002 MY2 and 108-2628-B-567-001).

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
