**2. Methods**

This is a non-systemic review. The PubMed search terms including "botulinum toxin" and "interstitial cystitis" were used to find published studies. The search results were used to summarize possible mechanisms and current evidence to analyze several practical issues with the use of BoNT-A in treating IC/BPS. The results were generated based on the author's knowledge and clinical experience in this field; hence, they were highly impacted by the author's bias in selecting and interpreting studies.
