*2.3. Networks*

There was sufficient evidence available for analysis of the following efficacy and safety endpoints: urinary frequency per day, incontinence episodes per day, ≥50% reduction of symptoms, patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs), and post-treatment urine retention needing clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). There was a lack of sufficient data to make comparisons between the three treatment modalities with regard to the QoL, urgency, urge incontinence episodes/day, maximal bladder capacity, and nocturia. Results of the pair-wise comparison meta-analyses are shown in Table 2.



#### *2.4. Risk of Bias Assessment*

A summary of the included studies and a risk of bias graph are shown in Figure 2. The four studies that compared SNM with delayed SNM were rated as having a high risk of bias in the 'measurement of outcome' category because the self-reporting results could have been influenced by the placebo effect. As these papers did not describe the randomization method or specify whether the assessors were blinded, we had some concerns regarding the randomization process when the risk of bias was evaluated. All of the studies, except the four that compared the efficacy of SNM with the delayed SNM group, were judged as having a 'low risk' of bias or as having 'some concerns'.

**Figure 2.** Risk of bias graph and summary of the included studies: Reviewers' judgments regarding each risk of bias item for the included studies. The figure was generated using RoB 2 tool (the 22 August 2019 version)
