**8. Conclusions**

From basic research, it is reasonable to treat CP/CPPS with intraprostatic BoNT-A injection, based on its effects on sensory neurotransmitters and inflammation. Clinical studies have shown that results of BoNT-A treatment for CP/CPPS are promising. The most prominent improvement was on the pain subdomain of NIH-CPSI. However, the evidence is still limited and the application of BoNT-A for CP/CPPS is off-label use. Further larger randomized and placebo-controlled studies with longer follow-up periods are necessary to draw a solid conclusion.

**Author Contributions:** C.-H.C. and Y.-C.C. conceived and designed the ideas and article structure; C.-H.C. analyzed the data; C.-H.C. wrote the paper. Y.-C.C. and P.T. revised the paper.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
