**2. Materials and Methods**

#### *2.1. Participants*

Healthy, typically developing children between the ages of 7–11 years old participated in the BrainChild Study of the impact of intrauterine exposure to metabolic disorders on brain pathways during childhood. Children were born at Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC), a large health care organization that uses an integrated electronic medical record (EMR) system. KPSC member demographics are broadly representative of Southern California residents [31]. Each participating Institutional Review Board approved this study (University of Southern California (USC) #HS-14-00034, KPSC #10282). Participants' parents gave written informed consent. Children provided written informed assent.

The study included two in-person visits. Visit one occurred at the Clinical Research Unit of the USC Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute. Visit two occurred at USC Dana and David Dornsife Neuroimaging Center and included a MRI scan of the brain.
