*2.7. Statistical Analysis*

All values are expressed as means ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Data was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey–Kramer test, Dunnett's test, or Student's *t*-test as described in the figure legends. All statistical analyses were performed using the Ekuseru–Toukei 2012 software program (Social Survey Research Information, Tokyo, Japan). A *p*-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
