*2.12. Statistical Analysis*

Results are presented as mean ± SEM. For the in vitro experiments, all results reported were formed at least three independent experiments (*n* = 6 for each group). For the in vivo animal experiments, each group contained 10 mice. Data were analyzed with Graph-Pad Prism 5.0 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Two-tailed, unpaired *t*-tests were used to compare two groups. Differences were considered significant when *p* < 0.05. To directly compare the effect of PAPZ treatment, data from the CORT group and PAPZ+CORT group were normalized to the control group.
