**5. Conclusions**

Despite the scarcity of studies, the preliminary findings indicate a high prevalence of obesity in hookah smokers. Public health policymakers should be aware of this for the better managemen<sup>t</sup> of obesity and other diseases related to hookah smoking.

**Author Contributions:** All authors claim authorship to, have approved of, and made substantial contribution to the conception, drafting, and final version of the paper.

**Funding:** The authors received no funding.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
