*3.2. Meta-Analysis*

The meta-analysis results estimating the overall risk ratios for obesity in hookah smokers compared to nonsmokers are presented in Figure 2. The random effect weighted pooled risk for obesity in hookah smokers indicated an increased risk of obesity of approximately 38%, compared to nonsmokers (RR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.02–1.87; *p* = 0.04). The heterogeneity analysis revealed a moderate variability (I2 = 53%).

*J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis.* **2019**, *6*, 23


**Figure 2.** The forest plot for the risk of obesity with hookah-smoking.
