*2.5. Inclusion Criteria*

Patients older than 18 years, capable of understanding and signing an informed consent, smoking fewer than 10 cigarettes per day, without uncontrolled periodontitis, BoP < 20%, Plaque Index < 20%, no allergy to the drugs or materials used, and not pregnant or nursing were suitable to be enrolled in the study.

In contrast to most of the literature, the bone defects were not limited to intraosseous defects. All implants were included independently of their bone defect morphology, three-dimensional implant position, e.g. implant axis, inter-implant distance, etc.
