*2.4. Patient and Sample Selection, Randomization*

24 patients with at least one titanium implant and diagnosed with periimplantitis (definition according to Berglund et al.) [3] were included in the study. If more than one implant was affected, one implant was chosen randomly. The patients were allocated to test group (EC) or control group (PEC) after randomization by using sealed envelopes immediately before surgery.
