**6. Conclusions**

In this paper, we discussed different types of utility functions, stochastic dominance, mean-risk models, portfolio optimization, and others as these topics are important in Big Data, Computational Science, Economics, Finance, Marketing, Management, and Psychology in terms of theory and econometric and statistical analysis. Authors could extend their work to link the seven cognate disciplines.

Although we have discussed the contributions in SD, MR, and PO related to Big Data, Computational Science, Economics, Finance, Marketing, Management, and Psychology, there are theoretical contributions in other areas that could also be useful in these cognate disciplines. Readers may refer to Chang et al. (2016a, 2016b, 2016c, 2017) for contributions in other cognate areas that might be useful in theory and practice.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors wish to thank three referees for very helpful comments and suggestions. For financial and research support, the first author is most grateful to the National Science Council, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, the second author is thankful to the Australian Research Council and the National Science Council, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, and the third author acknowledges the National Science Council, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, Asia University, China Medical University Hospital, Hang Seng Management College, Lingnan University, and Research Grants Council of Hong Kong. The third author would also like to thank Robert B. Miller and Howard E. Thompson for their continuous guidance and encouragement.

**Author Contributions:** The authors conceived the paper together and contributed equally. Wong wrote the first draft, and Chang and McAleer checked and edited the paper.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
