• **Mutation**

This operator [22] generates distorted vectors *X <sup>i</sup>* by disturbing a randomly chosen vector '*Xa*' and dissimilarity randomly chosen vectors '*Xb*' and '*Xc*' as per the following equation:

$$X\_i^{\prime(G)} = X\_a^{\prime(G)} + a \left( X\_b^{(G)} + X\_c^{(G)} \right) i = 1, \ldots, N \text{ } P,\tag{3}$$

where '*Xa*','*Xb*', and '*Xc*' represent the randomly selected vectors among set of population, and 'α' represents the scaling constant of the algorithm parameter which is used to regulate the size of the mutation operator and find better results.
