**Mathematical Modeling Framework of Physical Effects Induced by Sediments Handling Operations in Marine and Coastal Areas**

**Iolanda Lisi 1,\*,†, Alessandra Feola 1,†, Antonello Bruschi 1,†, Andrea Pedroncini 2,†, Davide Pasquali 3,† and Marcello Di Risio 1,3,†**


Received: 27 March 2019; Accepted: 10 May 2019; Published: 15 May 2019

**Abstract:** In recent years increasing attention has been paid to environmental effects that may result from marine dredging and disposal operations. In general, the fine-grained fraction of handled sediments can be dispersed far from the intervention site as a turbidity plume, depending on the specific site and operational parameters. Starting from a literature review, this paper suggests standards for estimating and characterizing the sediment source term, for setting up far-field modeling studies and analyzing numerical results, with the aim of optimizing, also from an economic point of view, the different project, execution and monitoring phases. The paper proposes an integrated modeling approach for simulating sediment dispersion due to sediment handling operations in different marine-coastal areas (off-shore, near-shore and semi-enclosed basins). Attention is paid to the characterization of sediment source terms due to different operational phases (removal, transport and disposal). The paper also deals with the definition of accuracy level of modeling activities, with regard to the main physical processes characterizing the different marine–coastal areas and to the type of environmental critical issues near the intervention site (if any). The main relationships between modeling and monitoring are given for the different design and managemen<sup>t</sup> phases to support the selection of appropriate technical alternatives and monitoring actions and to ensure the environmental compliance of the proposed interventions.

**Keywords:** dredging and disposal; environmental effects; mathematical modeling and monitoring; sediment dispersion; sediment handling
