*4.1. Formulation and Development: Process Integration Using JCHP, VCHP and TCHP*

Four different industrial processes have been studied. The first process is a spray drying process of milk powder in a dairy factory [35], and its GCC is shown in Figure 8. The second process is also from dairy product processing [36], which uses raw milk to produce concentrated milk, pasteurised milk, cream, yoghurt and dessert. The GCC for that is shown in Figure 9. The third example is from candy processing and packaging in a candy factory [37]. The GCC is shown in Figure 10. The fourth process is a 4-column double-effect methanol distillation in a chemical plant [38]. The GCC is shown in Figure 11. The ΔTmin between the heat source/sink and the working fluid in the HP cycle is 5 ◦C. The compressors and expanders of the JCHP adopt centrifugal force rotating system structure, and their isentropic efficiency can be as high as 96%. The compressors of VCHP and TCHP are ordinary turbocompressors. In this study, isentropic efficiency is assumed to be 65%.
