**Optimal Design of Welded Plate Heat Exchanger for Ammonia Synthesis Column: An Experimental Study with Mathematical Optimisation**

**Leonid Tovazhnyanskyy <sup>1</sup> , Jirˇí Jaromír Klemeš <sup>2</sup> , Petro Kapustenko 1,3, \*, Olga Arsenyeva <sup>4</sup> , Olexandr Perevertaylenko <sup>1</sup> and Pavlo Arsenyev 3, \***


Received: 6 May 2020; Accepted: 26 May 2020; Published: 3 June 2020

**Abstract:** The production of ammonia, consuming up to 5% of natural gas global production, accounts for about 2% of world energy. Worldwide, the Haber–Bosch process is the mainly used method of ammonia catalytic synthesis, involving temperatures up to 600 ◦C and pressures up to 32 MPa. In this paper, the results of the development and study of the special welded construction of plate heat exchanger (WPHE) for a column of ammonia synthesis are presented. The heat transfer and hydraulic performance of developed WPHE are investigated on a one-pass model in laboratory conditions. An equation for the relation between heat transfer effectiveness and the number of heat transfer units is proposed. A mathematical model of multi-pass WPHE is developed using these results. The validity of this model is confirmed by results of industrial tests performed with the prototype WPHE installed in operating column of ammonia synthesis at temperatures about 500 ◦C and pressure about 32 MPa. The tests confirmed the reliability of WPHE and its efficiency compared to a tubular heat exchanger. A method of optimal design of WPHE that allows finding the optimal height of corrugations and the number of passes in WPHE for specified conditions of operation is developed.

**Keywords:** ammonia synthesis; plate heat exchanger; heat transfer; multi-pass arrangement; optimal design; energy efficiency
