*2.2. Electrode Boiler*

Electrode Boiler (EB) convert electrical energy into thermal energy through electrical resistance heating. In conventional EB metallic heating elements are heated, in the EB water is electrified to heat or vaporize it [29]. The electrodes are immersed in a triangular arrangement in weakly conductive water. The immersion depth of the electrodes into the water and thus the power of the boiler is regulated by a pump. EB can react very quickly and precisely to load changes. Starting from the "keep-warm" operation the maximum power is reached within seconds. The power range is variable and there is no minimum load. EB convert electrical energy into thermal energy with an efficiency of over 99%. Exhaust and ventilation losses omitted, there are only radiation losses [30].

According to Gruber et al. (2015), the substitution of conventional, fuel-based heat supply by electric boilers up to temperatures of 240 °C is relatively easy to implement [31]. That indicates a large technical potential for electricity generation and flexibility of heat in the industrial sector.
