*Article* **Interface Characterization of Ultrasonic Spot-Welded Mg Alloy Interlayered with Cu Coating**

**Amir Badamian 1,\*, Chihiro Iwamoto 2, Shigeo Sato <sup>2</sup> and Suguru Tashiro <sup>2</sup>**


Received: 8 April 2019; Accepted: 5 May 2019; Published: 8 May 2019

**Abstract:** The effect of Cu coating metallic interlayer on the weldability, joint strength, and interfacial microstructure during high-power ultrasonic spot welding (HP-USW) of AZ31B Mg alloy has been studied. Interlayered samples exhibited good weldability and they resulted in strong sound joints with nearly the same strength as joints without interlayer, with the distinction of lower energy being required. The Cu interlayer affected the thermal and vibrational properties of the interface, as the maximum interface temperature decreased and approached better uniformity across the weld nugget. The base metal grain structure changed to equiaxed larger grains after ultrasonic welding and a chain of parent metal small grains were observed around the interface. A binary intermetallic compound product of Mg-Cu, which was rich in Mg, has been found around the interface that was diffused toward base metal. According to the electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) results, alongside temperature measurements and hardness data, the formation of Mg2Cu is suggested in this region. At the interface centerline, a narrow region was identified that was composed of Mg, Cu, and Al. Complementary transmission electron microscopy analysis estimated that Al-containing reaction product is a ternary alloy of the MgCuxAly type. The dispersion of fine grain intermetallic compounds as discrete particles inside Mg substrate in both interfacial regions formed a composite like structure that could participate in joint strengthening.

**Keywords:** high-power ultrasonic welding; interface; magnesium; cu interlayer; intermetallic compound
