**5. Conclusions**

This study contributes a scoping review of literature on the application of ontology in the MAS for the energy domain. It is evident from the literature highlighted in this study that multi-agent ontology approaches are of emerging interests in the energy sector and that complex system modeling is an essential tool in assessing control strategies and new policies for designing more efficient systems.

The selected publications show that the application of ontologies in the field of MAS for the energy domain was mainly conducted after the year 2004, focuses on the sub-domain of grid control between

2004 to 2014, and mushrooms into the sub-domain of electricity market since 2014. The discussion of ontology and MAS in the selected publications can be divided into five categories:

