**Carolina Del-Valle-Soto 1,†, Leonardo J. Valdivia 1,\*,†, Ramiro Velázquez 2, Luis Rizo-Dominguez 3,† and Juan-Carlos López-Pimentel <sup>1</sup>**


Received: 20 July 2019; Accepted: 11 August 2019; Published: 15 August 2019

**Abstract:** Presently, the Internet of Things (IoT) concept involves a scattered collection of different multipurpose sensor networks that capture information, which is further processed and used in applications such as smart cities. These networks can send large amounts of information in a fairly efficient but insecure wireless environment. Energy consumption is a key aspect of sensor networks since most of the time, they are battery powered and placed in not easily accessible locations. Therefore, and regardless of the final application, wireless sensor networks require a careful energy consumption analysis that allows selection of the best operating protocol and energy optimization scheme. In this paper, a set of performance metrics is defined to objectively compare different kinds of protocols. Four of the most popular IoT protocols are selected: Zigbee, LoRa, Bluethooth, and WiFi. To test and compare their performance, multiple sensors are placed at different points of a university campus to create a network that can accurately simulate a smart city. Finally, the network is analyzed in detail using two different schemes: collaborative and cooperative.

**Keywords:** energy consumption; wireless sensor network; cooperation; collaboration
