3.3.2. Defined Ontologies in the Energy Domain

There are some ontologies already developed for specific energy domains [81,82]. For instance, Kofler et al developed an ontology that focuses on energy consumption and energy provision [83]. Ma et al. [84] proposes 6 basal ontologies for energy management system:


The well-described ontologies in the energy domain are mainly found in the electricity market domain. For instance, [85] develops an ontology for the electricity market named Electricity Market Ontology (ELMO). It provides a shared, common understanding of concepts and procedures in the electricity market operation. The ELMO ontology uses a multi-layered architecture divided into highly maintainable, extendible, and reusable modules that can be used by organizations such as the Hellenic Transmission System Operator (HTSO). The ontology is primarily developed specifically for the electricity market of Greece, and the adaptation to other markets are thereby difficult.

Other examples are the studies of Santos et al. [3,47,48] that develop an Electricity Market Ontology (EMO). The EMO is an upper ontology for the electricity market, from which other low-level ontologies can be extended. It defines the main concepts of the electricity market, and the specific ontologies extended from the EMO define requests, responses, and notifications. Ontologies for the EPEX [3] and Nord Pool spot market [47] are developed as extensions of EMO. The research in [48] states that the aims of EMO are to be extendable and reusable in the development of other low-level ontologies for specific markets, such as MIBEL or IPEX (The Belgian and Dutch electricity market).
