Biological Samples

Good research results have encouraged researchers to further modify their extractions with ILs (Table 2). In 2015, doxepin and perphenazine were extracted according to a new procedure: ionic liquid-based surfactant emulsified microextraction accelerated by ultrasound radiation (IL-SE-UE-ME) [104]. Together with ultrasound applied to the surfactant, this led to the creation of an emulsion with the participation of ILs. The following year, Liu and co-workers [105] determined sulfonamides and used two ILs for extraction. They were the first to add [C4MIM][PF6] together with an inorganic salt, and after forming the precipitate, they added [C6MIM][PF6]. As a result, the analytes could be combined with the ionic liquid. Another equally effective extraction method is ionic liquid-based dynamic liquid-phase microextraction (dLPME). The method, for the extraction of phenothiazine and NSAID derivatives using the high density and viscosity of ILs, was developed by Cruz Vera [91,106]. The sample passes through the ionic liquid placed in a Pasteur pipette and the analytes are separated from the matrix. High viscosity is both an advantage and a limitation here as to perform the extraction it is necessary to reduce its value, therefore the addition of an organic solvent is also used.
