**Poultry Farms as a Potential Source of Environmental Pollution by Pharmaceuticals**

**Katarzyna Wychodnik 1, Gra ˙zyna Gał ˛ezowska 1, Justyna Rogowska 1, Marta Potrykus 1, Alina Plenis 2 and Lidia Wolska 1,\***


Academic Editor: Jolanta Kumirska

Received: 7 February 2020; Accepted: 23 February 2020; Published: 25 February 2020

**Abstract:** Industrial poultry breeding is associated with the need to increase productivity while maintaining low meat prices. Little is known about its impact on the environment of soil pollution by pharmaceuticals. Breeders routinely use veterinary pharmaceuticals for therapeutic and preventive purposes. The aim of this work was to determine the influence of mass breeding of hens on the soil contamination with 26 pharmaceuticals and caffeine. During two seasons—winter and summer 2019—15 soil samples were collected. Liquid extraction was used to isolate analytes from samples. Extracts were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed the seasonal changes in pharmaceutical presence in analyzed soil samples. Ten pharmaceuticals (metoclopramide, sulphanilamide, salicic acid, metoprolol, sulphamethazine, nimesulide, carbamazepine, trimethoprim, propranolol, and paracetamol) and caffeine were determined in soil samples collected in March, and five pharmaceuticals (metoclopramide, sulphanilamide, sulphamethazine, carbamazepine, sulfanilamid) in soil samples collected in July. The highest concentrations were observed for sulphanilamide, in a range from 746.57 ± 15.61 ng/g d.w to 3518.22 ± 146.05 ng/g d.w. The level of bacterial resistance to antibiotics did not differ between samples coming from intensive breeding farm surroundings and the reference area, based on antibiotic resistance of 85 random bacterial isolates.

**Keywords:** pharmaceuticals; soil; poultry farms; ultra-high performance liquid chromatography; antibiotics, antibiotic resistance
