**5. Conclusions**

Soil, due to its specific features, such as sorption capacity, distribution coe fficient (Kd), and hydrophobicity, is a pharmaceutical receiving matrix more durable than water [35]. Manure is one of the sources of various substances entering soil, including pharmaceuticals. Nevertheless, there is a high probability that the distribution of concentration around the poultry house (tendency-dependent changes depending on the distance) is associated with the transfer of pharmaceuticals with dust exhausted through the fans present on the building roof.

The results showed that the observed changes in pharmaceutical presence in analyzed soil samples can be defined as seasonal (Figure 2a,b). In all summer samples, less substances (five pharmaceuticals) were determined in contrast with samples collected in March (10 pharmaceuticals and CAF). This may indicate that low temperature is a parameter responsible for prolonged half-life time of determined contaminants [35]. However, the MTC concentration in both samples collected in March and July are, relatively, at a similar level. Moreover, concentration levels of SMZ and SNA in samples collected in July was approximately five times higher than in March.

Although advances in instrumentation and the opportunities that liquid chromatography methodologies bring (especially advanced ones, e.g., those coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), facilitating the detection of even trace amounts of pharmaceuticals, in the case of environmental samples, the analyst still faces problems. The matrix e ffect, which is often di fficult to compensate for, and with which we undoubtedly deal with in soil samples, may be the source of numerous discrepancies in qualitative assessment. The developed procedure allows separation and identification of 26 pharmaceuticals and CAF in a swift way (LC-MS/MS analysis—7 min), which proves to be an e fficient way of real soil sample analysis. There is no doubt that this type of research needs to be further developed to provide a foundation for risk assessment of drugs entering the environment. It may influence human and animal health, which have been ignored in environmental monitoring programs.

**Supplementary Materials:** Supplementary Materials are available online.

**Author Contributions:** K.W., G.G., J.R., M.P.—writing—original draft of the manuscript; K.W., G.G.—performed the analysis, characterized samples (with UPLC-MS/MS); J.R. draft correction; A.P., L.W.—supervision, content support; L.W.—aided in interpreting the results. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was supported by the Department of Environmental Toxicology Medical University of Gdansk, and POWR 03.02.00-IP.08.00-DOK.

**Acknowledgments:** We thank dr Goran Gr ´zni´c from Department of Environmental Toxicology Medical University of Gdansk, for language critical review of our manuscript.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
