2.3.2. Zeta Potential and Dynamic Light Scattering

Zeta (ζ-) potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements were conducted using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS instrument (model: ZEN3600; Malvern Instruments Inc., Westborough, MA, USA). This instrument is equipped with a 4.0 mW helium-neon laser (λ=633 nm) and an avalanche photodiode detector and works at a 173◦ scattering angle. A 0.25 wt% CNC dispersion in Milli-Q water was used for zeta potential while for DLS, the hydrodynamic apparent particle size was measured for a 0.05 wt% CNC dispersion in Milli-Q water. Prior measurements, the suspensions were sonicated and filtered through a 0.45 μm filter membrane and analyses were performed immediately at 25 ◦C. For DLS results, triplicate samples were measured 12 times each and the average particle size distribution was obtained. The standard deviation was reported as the error for the measurements. Results for zeta potential measurements were recorded in triplicate and the averages were reported.
