**Chitosan Biopolymer from Crab Shell as Recyclable Film to Remove**/**Recover in Batch Ketoprofen from Water: Understanding the Factors A**ff**ecting the Adsorption Process**

**Vito Rizzi 1, Jennifer Gubitosa 2, Paola Fini 2, Roberto Romita 1, Sergio Nuzzo <sup>2</sup> and Pinalysa Cosma 1,2,\***


Received: 18 October 2019; Accepted: 18 November 2019; Published: 20 November 2019

**Abstract:** Seafood, a delight for many people, is sold in the market as a wide variety of products. However, seafood industries produce many by-products; for example, during the processing, the heads and shells of shellfish are generated as waste. This results in the generation of a large amount of shell waste that is accumulated over time, inducing a major environmental concern. Effective solutions for recycling shell waste should be taken into consideration, and the extraction of commercially useful substances like chitin and its derivates, such as chitosan, could be a valid solution for reducing the seafood waste's environmental impact. Thus, during this work, we propose the use of chitosan as biowaste, to induce the formation of solid films useful for decontaminating water from emerging pollutants. In particular, ketoprofen was used as a model contaminant, and a high percentage of removal, at least 90%, was obtained in a short time under our experimental conditions. Thus, a comprehensive investigation into the adsorption of ketoprofen onto chitosan film was performed, detailing the nature of the adsorption by studying the effects of pH, temperature changes, and electrolyte presence in the solutions containing the pollutant. The process was found to be pH-dependent, involving meanly electrostatic interactions between the pollutant molecules and chitosan. The endothermic character of the adsorption was inferred. The kinetics of the process was investigated, showing that the pseudo second-order kinetic model best fit the experimental data. A recycling process of the adsorbent was proposed; therefore, the adsorbed pollutant can be recovered by reusing the same adsorbent material for further consecutive cycles of adsorption without affecting the efficiency for ketoprofen removal from water.

**Keywords:** chitosan film; emerging pollutants; ketoprofen; food waste; adsorption; recycle
