*3.1. Flowability*

An increase in the proportion of FA significantly decreases the flowability of the non-cement blended materials as shown in Figure 3. As shown in Table 2, note that suitable mixtures (flow of 110% as shown in Figure 3) were obtained only after adding a water-reducing admixture (superplasticizer) expect for the P series specimens. The 110%-line in Figure 3 indicates the referred flowability in accordance with ASTM C109. For each mixture, the superplasticizer was used to control the workability of the specimens. The results indicated that the specimens containing polypropylene fibers had lower flowability. The amount of superplasticizer required to maintain fluidity was proportional to the

amount of FA, due to the high absorbency and angularity of the particles (rough surface as shown in Figure 1). In the cement-based composites, flowability decreased with an increase in the proportion of polypropylene fibers, due to the internal resistance and friction generated through the interaction of fibers. The finding is consistent with the reported in previous studies [25].

**Figure 3.** Flow test results.
