*Article* **Proteomic Analyses of the Unexplored Sea Anemone** *Bunodactis verrucosa*

**Dany Domínguez-Pérez 1,2,†, Alexandre Campos 1,2,†, Armando Alexei Rodríguez 3, Maria V. Turkina 4, Tiago Ribeiro 1, Hugo Osorio 5,6,7, Vítor Vasconcelos 1,2 and Agostinho Antunes 1,2,\***


Received: 21 November 2017; Accepted: 15 January 2018; Published: 24 January 2018

**Abstract:** Cnidarian toxic products, particularly peptide toxins, constitute a promising target for biomedicine research. Indeed, cnidarians are considered as the largest phylum of generally toxic animals. However, research on peptides and toxins of sea anemones is still limited. Moreover, most of the toxins from sea anemones have been discovered by classical purification approaches. Recently, high-throughput methodologies have been used for this purpose but in other Phyla. Hence, the present work was focused on the proteomic analyses of whole-body extract from the unexplored sea anemone *Bunodactis verrucosa*. The proteomic analyses applied were based on two methods: two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF and shotgun proteomic approach. In total, 413 proteins were identified, but only eight proteins were identified from gel-based analyses. Such proteins are mainly involved in basal metabolism and biosynthesis of antibiotics as the most relevant pathways. In addition, some putative toxins including metalloproteinases and neurotoxins were also identified. These findings reinforce the significance of the production of antimicrobial compounds and toxins by sea anemones, which play a significant role in defense and feeding. In general, the present study provides the first proteome map of the sea anemone *B. verrucosa* stablishing a reference for future studies in the discovery of new compounds.

**Keywords:** cnidarian; sea anemone; proteins; toxins; two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; MALDI-TOF/TOF; shotgun proteomic
