**3. Conclusions**

We are now at a crossroads in new anti-tuberculosis drug and regimen development. New initiatives, such as the the European Union (EU) Innovative Medicines Initiative IMI2 call and the Gates Medical Research Institute alliance, have the potential to accelerate research and synergize with existing efforts carried out by academia, public-private partnerships, such as the TB Alliance, and industry. If researchers collaborate and join forces towards the common aim of innovative regimens, there is a possibility of pursuing effectively a transformational improvement of treatment of all forms of TB [25]. If, however, such initiatives compete for limited resources and resist cooperation, the targets expressed at the time of the Moscow Conference in late 2017 and subsequently at the United Nations General Assembly in 2018 may remain a dream.

**Author Contributions:** The two authors contributed equally to the writing of the article. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
