**5. Conclusions**

The integration of PV solar installations connected to the grid into the agriculture sector is proposed and evaluated under net-metering and self-consumption scenarios. This solar resource allows us to decrease emissions and fossil fuel dependence and improve economic benefits from a surplus energy sale standpoint. This multifocused analysis is an exportable and scalable solution that can be applied in different locations depending on different parameters, such as crop water need, aquifer depth, and grouped crop areas. A Spanish aquifer highly overexploited over the decades is used to evaluate the proposed methodology. Different surplus energy sale scenarios are analyzed according to the typical crops in this location and the corresponding annual water requirements and common grouping areas. In this way, relevant annual benefits are estimated in grouped areas of 800 ha, accounting for 50,000 to 140,000 euros/year in a net-metering situation excluding taxes and fees; and 28,000 to 90,000 euros under current Spanish regulations. Regardless of the level of grouped areas, PV power plants interconnected with the grid for the use of surplus energy could generate nonnegligible global revenues: between 10 and 18 million euros/year with a legislation prone to net-metering and between 5 and 10 million euros/year under the current Spanish legislation framework. Therefore, global policies focused on water management and efficient agricultural objectives should be promoted for massive integration of such renewables into the agriculture sector. More specifically, energy policies in terms of net-metering and/or self-consumption schemes that provide regulatory stability to this energy model in agriculture are required by the sector.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A. M.-G.; Formal analysis, J.M.S.-L.; Funding acquisition, M.S.G.-C.; Investigation, A.R.-A.; Project administration, A.R.-A.; Validation, M.S.G.-C.; Writing—original draft, A.M.-G. and J.M.S.-L.; Writing—review and editing, A.M.-G.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the research project TIN2017-86647-P from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (including FEDER funds), and the Seneca Foundation 19882-GERM-15.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
