*4.1. Participants*

A total of 94 participants responded to the ONSO paper form survey and 252 to the web-based OFFSO survey.

The response rate was 95% for the ONSO survey and 49% for the OFFSO survey. The participants of the ONSOs and the OFFSOs had previously participated in 1 to 12 exercises (ONSOs M = 2.87, SD = 2.24; OFFSOs M = 3.53, SD = 1.64) before the study. Their age ranged from 25 to 49 years for the ONSOs and 18–55 for the OFFSOs. In the ONSO survey, all participants (100%) belonged to the public sector (police personnel, fire fighters and ambulance services). For the OFFSO survey, 86% belonged to the public sector, 10% to private sector and 4% to volunteer sector.
