*2.1. Participants*

The sample of this study included nurses who had a national nursing certificate. In addition, only nurses currently on duty were allowed to participate; this was assured through screening questions administered before they participated in the questionnaire. Data were collected from 11–24 May 2020, when confirmed cases of COVID-19 were < 10 patients a day, but then suddenly started increasing to 20–30 patients. The size of the samples used in the study was calculated using the G\*power 3.0 program (Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany), and, as a result of calculating by applying 0.15 moderate effect size, 0.05 level of significance and 0.85 statistical power, at least 314 participants were required. In this study, participants who were voluntarily willing to participate were selected, and 382 participants joined in total. Among them, the data of 377 participants were used. Responses that had the same number of answers and those in which the respondent had the highest job rank but lowest earned income were excluded from the data. For the survey, a Google online questionnaire was made and distributed to the participants via email out of consideration for COVID-19. This study was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Review Board of Chung-Ang University (1041078-202005-HRSB-124-01).
