*5.2. Limitations*

There are limited studies on exercises and even fewer conducting meta-analysis of exercises. This study is based on five studies on nine exercises and the ONSOs were collected from only one study. In order to verify the results, several more context specific explorations have to be performed. Furthermore, studies on inter-organisational exercises on land and in the maritime context should be extended to other areas such as the aerospace industry and other security-intensive contexts. Even though Norway and Sweden, where the data for this study were collected, have a lot of similarities, exercises from di fferent cultural contexts can provide important results, contributing to the understanding of how to improve learning and utility from inter-organisational exercises.

The poor participation for the OFFSO survey may be due to a lack of research interest among participants, but also the lack of influence of big scale exercises. It can also be related to intra-organisational focus- and sector-specific objectives. Another reason may be the web-based questionnaires. Compared to paper questionnaires, web-based questionnaires have proven to be less responsive in the Scandinavian context [57].

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/14/5604/s1, Figure S1: CLU-instrument.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, all; methodology, E.C. and J.L.S.; writing—original draft, E.C.; writing—review and editing, all; supervision, E.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
