**5. Patents**

Grattoni, A.; Liu, X.; Ferrari, M. Gated Nanofluidic Valve For Active And Passive Electrosteric Control Of Molecular Transport, And Methods Of Fabrication, U.S. Provisional Pat. Ser. No. 62/961,437, filed Jan 15. (2020).

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, N.D.T., A.S., X.L., and A.G.; Data curation, N.D.T; Formal analysis, N.D.T and A.S.; Funding acquisition, X.L. and A.G.; Investigation, N.D.T., A.S., and Y.W.; Methodology, N.D.T., A.S., Y.W., and X.L.; Project administration, A.G.; Resources, X.L., and A.G.; Software, N.D.T.; Supervision, D.D. and A.G.; Validation, D.D., X.L., and A.G.; Visualization, N.D.T.; Writing—original draft, N.D.T.; Writing—review and editing, A.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The support was provided by the Houston Methodist Research Institute and NIH-NIGMS R01GM127558 (A.G.). A.G. and research group received additional support through the Frank J. and Jean Raymond Centennial Chair Endowment, and N.D.T. received funding support from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and The World Academy of Sciences through the CAS-TWAS President's fellowship scholarship.

**Acknowledgments:** We thank Valentina Serafini for her support in experimental studies and Jianhua (James) Gu from the electron microscopy core of the Houston Methodist Research Institute.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
