*2.5. Research on the Local Community's Initiatives*

In 2014, with relation to the 70th anniversary of the outbreak of Warsaw Uprising and the 75th anniversary of the outbreak of the Second World War, the City Council passed a resolution to give a section of Podolski Boulevard (Bulwar Podolski) a new name: Boulevard of the Allied Forces Pilots (Bulwar Lotników Alianckich) [15,16]. It was done to commemorate the catastrophe of an Allied Forces' plane "Liberator" [17], which happened in significant historic circumstances, as well as to indicate the connection between this section of the Vistula Valley (Dolina Wisły) with the history of aerial operations over the Minor Poland (Małopolska) region as a result of global political and military developments.

In 1986, thanks to the efforts made by the Cracow Club of Aviation Seniors (Krakowski Klub Seniorów Lotnictwa), the catastrophe was commemorated by placing a memorial plaque in the wall of the Schindler's Factory at 4 Lipowa Street (ul. Lipowa 4). The plaque pays tribute to the crew of the shot-down aircraft [17].

In 1999, the Institute of Landscaping of the Cracow University of Technology (Instytut Architektury Krajobrazu Politechniki Krakowskiej) drew up a project of the development of the Vistula riverside from the side of Zabłocie. The above-mentioned concept was triggered by the planned re-building of the Vistula river floodbanks. The students' designs referred to, among other things, the creation of a memorial of the catastrophe site and the aircraft crew who met a tragic end. Since 2006, there have been anniversary walks "Liberator above Zabłocie" organised every year on the day of the catastrophe by the Association Podgorze.PL. These walks following the "traces" of the shot-down aircraft Liberator KG-933 attract several dozens of people interested in the past of the city and the district. The walks are advertised in the local and regional media, and the history often appears in the press [18].

Moreover, the local community's initiatives included the creation of a mural showing a Liberator aircraft on the wall of the building located at 14 D ˛abrowskiego street (ul. D ˛abrowskiego 14) in Cracow (Kraków) as well as the raising of a memorial obelisk at the exit of Przemysłowa street (ul. Przemysłowa) to commemorate the site of the catastrophe.

The professors and students of the Faculty of Landscaping of the Cracow University of Technology undertook the task of preparing the land development project and the concept of the memorial as continuation of the efforts of the aviation and pilot community aiming to commemorate the aerial combat over Cracow (Kraków) and Minor Poland (Małopolska) region [19].

### *2.6. Legal and Formal State*

The Local Plan of Spatial Development 'Zabłocie' [12] prepared in 2006 is no longer up to date due to recent transformations the area of Zabłocie is undergoing. The discussed Podolski Boulevard (Bulwar Podolski) stretches between the mouth of the Wilga River, which flows into the Vistula and a railway bridge (Figure 5). The Local Plan of Spatial Development "Vistula Boulevards" ("Bulwary Wisły") (2013) [20] defines the rules and regulations of space formation, but only does so for the western part of the riverside area. In the document Study of Conditions and Directions of Spatial Development (2014), an analysis of the justification of the preparation of a new plan Zabłocie–East (Zabłocie–Wschód) was made, which demonstrates the Cracow City Council's interest in further development of this post-industrial part of Podgórze.

### *2.7. Research on Urban Development Composition*

Both national and European roads run through Cracow (Kraków) (Figure 6). Typical traffic intensity during rush hours does not exceed critical limits. High traffic intensity occurs along the second ring road of Cracow, in Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzi ´nskiego Street and in the vicinity of the Kotlarski Bridge and the Marshal Józef Piłsudski Bridge. However, traffic jams appear on the regional road no. 776 in Powsta ´nców Wielkopolskich Street.

**Figure 6.** Main arterial roads of Cracow (Kraków), (elaborated by E. Latusek).

Cracow (Kraków) is one of the largest railway interchange stations in Poland (Figure 7). It is linked to the majority of cities in Poland, including express Pendolino links with Warsaw (Warszawa) and Gda ´nsk. In addition, it has international connections with Vienna, Prague, Budapest and Lviv. The Main Railway Station in Cracow along with the Małopolska Region Coach Station, municipal public transport (buses, underground fast tram) and the link to the Cracow-Balice International Airport make up a complex called the Cracow Public Transport Centre. By the end of 2020, four new rail tracks will have been built on two newly constructed railway trestle bridges on the crosstown line. The Polish Railways PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. (Joint Stock Company) link the central railway station with the station Kraków-Płaszów facilitating thus the traffic of agglomeration and long-distance trains. The station Kraków-Zabłocie is currently under modernization, which is connected with the above-mentioned investment.

**Figure 7.** Railways in Cracow (Kraków), (elaborated by E. Latusek).

Poland is to ultimately house five green bicycle trails referred to as greenways. Local bicycle loops have been opened on the Amber Greenway (Szlak Bursztynowy: Budapest-Ba ´nska Szczawnica-Cracow-Gda ´nsk). There is an international trail between Cracow–Moravia–Vienna, being an eco-touristic corridor exhibiting the cultural, natural and historic heritage of Central Europe. In the future, the aforesaid corridor should become the longest "alley of trees" in Europe. In the direct vicinity of the study area there are many local bicycle lanes and a public bike rental system.

Along the river Vistula (Wisła) in Kraków there is an inland shipping route known as "Waterway of the Upper Vistula River" (Droga Wodna Górnej Wisły). In 2018, the Ministry of Marine Economy

and Inland Navigation signed an agreement for the development of a transport analysis, being the first study of this type in relation to inland water transport. The analysis should concern inland navigation on the river Odra and Wisła, as another element of the programme aimed to develop inland waterways in Poland. The city of Cracow, encouraged by its residents, is planning to implement a project named "Marina Kraków".
