**4. Conclusions**

FCLHAM was established to evaluate lake health states more comprehensively and accurately by integrating quantitative eutrophication and health risk considerations. To test and verify FCLHAM, Wuhan was taken as an example to carry out a practical test. The state of eutrophication and the health risk posed by heavy metals in 21 of the 143 lakes in Wuhan city were investigated and analyzed. Under two different evaluation methods, the results of the same lake were different, and some even deviated greatly, such as L15 and L20, which is very disadvantageous for the managers of urban lake health to administer effective lake management. FCLHAM solves this problem for decision makers and offers the evaluation results of comprehensive consideration of the state of eutrophication and the health risk posed by heavy metals. The evaluation results of FCLHAM are as follows: L20 (considerate risk level) > L1–L17; L19; L21 (moderate risk level) > L18 (low risk level). According to the results, the studied lakes were grouped into three categories (general managemen<sup>t</sup> lakes, enhanced managemen<sup>t</sup> lakes, and priority managemen<sup>t</sup> lakes) and effective protection and managemen<sup>t</sup> measures were provided with respect to the characteristics of each type of lake. According to the characteristics of lake clustering, all lakes in Wuhan are classified into the above-mentioned three types. According to the characteristics of each type, solutions are put forward for the managemen<sup>t</sup> each kind of lake. Therefore, FCLHAM offers a novel hierarchical managemen<sup>t</sup> system for urban lake health based on lake characteristics classification, which can serve as an effective reference for the environmental managemen<sup>t</sup> of urban lakes both at home and abroad.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/12/2617/ s1, Table S1: Eutrophication evaluation results of 21 studied lakes, Table S2: Health risk indicators for carcinogenic health for 21 studied lakes, Figure S1: Distribution map of lake in Wuhan city, Figure S2: The workflow of typical lake selection method.

**Author Contributions:** T.W. and J.Y. contributed to prepared datasets, performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. J.M. contributed to prepared datasets and interpretation of the analysis. F.L. organized this study, conducted the study design, and revised the manuscript. C.L. contributed to interpretation of the analysis, and revision of the manuscript. Y.C. prepared datasets and performed the statistical analysis. S.C. contributed to revision of the manuscript. J.Z. contributed to the result analysis and English polish of the manuscript. Y.Q. contributed to interpretation of the analysis.

**Funding:** This study was financially supported by the Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Youth Fund: 17YJCZH081), the Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2018CFB722), and the Soft Science Project Foundation of Hubei Province (2018ADC144).

**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to express their deep gratitude to Master Zhenzhen Qiu and everyone else who helped us about this manuscript.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
