**3. Results**

The average self-rated health for the whole sample using the EQ VAS was 56.23 ± 20.89, while the mean EQ-5D-5L index score was 0.54 ± 0.25. The relationship between health-related quality of life and exposure variables at bivariate level are shown in Table 1. In the bivariate analysis, significant differences in self-rated health measured using the VAS score were found in relation to age, ADL dependence, and all aspects of usability in the home. Health-related quality of life, both the index score and the VAS score, were lower among the population younger than 75 years, those with the higher dependence in ADL, and among those with lower usability scores. Those living alone had a significantly higher index score, indicating a better health profile, but on average a similar score for self-rated health on the VAS.

The regression models are presented in Table 2. The final analysis included 174 and 178 participants, for the VAS score and the index score variables, respectively. Results show that the variance in health-related quality of life (both scores) was significantly associated with age. More specifically, participants aged under 75 years rated their health lower compared to the group of those aged between 75 and 90 years (*p* values equal to 0.016 and 0.009 for the VAS score and the index score respectively). ADL dependence was also significantly associated with health-related quality of life (both scores); the more dependent participants were in ADL, the worse their ratings on the EQ-5D (*p* values equal to 0.011 and 0.001 for the VAS score and the index score respectively).



1 As measured and categorized by Montreal Cognitive Assessment: moderate = 10–17, mild = 18–25, normal > 26. 2 As measured by ADL-staircase. 3 As measured by Usability In My Home. \* Figures in bold are significant.



β = Beta Coefficient; \* Figures in bold are significant.

Finally, participants who were more satisfied with the social aspect of usability in their homes also rated their health better than those who were less satisfied, using the VAS score (*p* = 0.008) Conversely, the social aspect of usability in the home was not significantly associated with health-related quality of life when using the EQ-5D index score as dependent outcome measure. Similarly, the self-care aspect of usability was significantly associated with the EQ-5D index score (*p* = 0.001) but not the VAS score.
