*2.2. Health Data*

All-cause mortality data from January 2004 to December 2009 were considered and geocoded at the residential census block level in our study. The data were provided by the death registry of Paris. For confidentiality reasons, it was not possible to distinguish causes of mortality. According to the French demographic institute [15], the mortality rate is very low during childhood, then increases exponentially from age 30. In addition, causes of death for the population less than 30 years old are recognized to be mostly road injuries, domestic injuries, and suicide. For these reasons, and also because it was not possible to obtain the causes of death for reasons of confidentiality, we decided to exclude all the deaths of people aged under than 30 years [16]. The census block of residence was available for each case. In order to estimate death rate, we obtained the population size from the French National Census Bureau (INSEE: http://www.insee.fr). Ethical approval was obtained from the French commission on data privacy and public liberties (CNIL—Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés, N 914118).
