*3.2. Fixed Effect*

In the multivariate structured geo-additive model, any variable that was statistically significant in cross-tabulation at 5% level of significance were included in the analysis and the final analysis retained only those variables that were at 5% level of significance.

The results from fixed effects are summarized in Table 5. It is observed that the contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in Rwanda increases with higher wealth and education levels, exposure to mass media and number of living children. The education level of the woman is highly associated with contraceptive use among women of reproductive age. It was observed from the table that a woman with tertiary education was 79.3% (OR = 1.7934, 95% CI: 1.2355, 2.61300) more likely to use contraceptive methods compared to woman with no education. A woman with secondary education was 1.34 (OR = 1.3371, CI: 1.0853, 1.7331) more likely to use contraceptive methods compared to a woman without education, while a woman with primary education was 1.17 (OR = 1.1735, CI: 1.0125, 1.3599) more likely to use contraceptive methods compared to a woman without education.


**Table 5.** Summary of fixed effects of factors associated with women of childbearing age.


The wealth of the family was found to be a significant predictor of women's contraceptive use. Women from richest (OR = 1.4330, CI: 1.1727, 1.7517), richer (OR = 1.3496, CI: 1.1340, 1.6063) and middle (OR = 1.2462, CI: 1.0533, 1.4745) families were more likely to use contraceptive methods than women from poorest families.

Considering health facilities, a woman who visited a health facility within 12 months prior to the survey was 1.2165 (OR = 1.2165, 95% CI: 1.0882, 1.3681) more likely to use any type of contraceptive method compared with a woman who did not visit a health facility within 12 months.

It was also observed from the results that a woman who was not residing with a husband or partner at the time of the survey was 0.559 (OR = 0.5593, 95% CI: 0.4702, 0.6647) times less likely to use contraceptive methods compared to a woman who was residing with a husband or partner. It was also observed that contraceptive use increases with the number of living children in the family. A woman who had no living child was 0.0072 (OR = 0.0072, 95% CI: 0.0029, 0.0156) less likely to use a contraceptive method compared with a woman who had four or more living children. A woman who had one living child was 0.447 (OR = 0.4468, 95% CI: 0.3544, 0.5625) less likely to use a contraceptive method compared to a woman who had four or more living children. A woman who had two living children was 0.737 (OR = 0.7368, 95% CI: 0.6131, 0.8848) less likely to use a contraceptive method compared to a woman who had four or more living children. A Catholic woman was 0.7047 (OR = 0.7047, 95% CI: 0.6308, 0.7936) less likely to use a contraceptive method compared to women from other religions other than Protestant and Seventh Day Adventist. A working woman was 1.27 (OR = 1.2705, 95% CI: 1.0868, 1.4850) more likely to use a contraceptive method than a non-working woman. A woman who had heard about family planning on the radio was 1.1173 (OR = 1.1173, 95% CI: 1.0021, 1.2455), on TV was 1.2200 (OR = 1.2200, 95%CI: 1.0812, 1.3681) and from newspapers/magazines was 1.3343 (OR = 1.3343, 95%CI: 1.0564, 1.6896) more likely to use a contraceptive method than a woman who had not heard about family planning within 12 months. Contraceptive use is higher in the Northern Province compared to other provinces. A woman from Northern Province was 1.43 (OR = 1.4305, CI: 1.1436, 1.7898) more likely to use a contraceptive method than a woman from the Western Province, but a woman from the Southern Province, Kigali and East did not show any statistical association. A woman whose husband desired more children than her was 1.2998 (OR = 1.2998, 95% CI: 1.1069, 1.5258) more likely to use a contraceptive method than a woman whose husband desired the same number of children. A woman who did not know whether her husband or partner desired the same, less or more children was 1.230 (OR = 1.2304, 95% CI: 1.0182, 1.4866) more likely to use a contraceptive method than a woman whose husband desired the same number of children.
