**3. Results**

Table 1 shows the prevalence of depression according to the demographic characteristics of the participants. The prevalence of depression was in the range of 2.7–7.2%. Educational level and income level were significantly associated with depression. The prevalence of depression decreased significantly with increasing income and educational level (*p* < 0.01).


**Table 1.** Prevalence of depression in postmenopausal women according to demographic characteristics.

Note: a *p* is determined by Mantel–Haenszel chi-squared test.

The mean EQ-5D scores of the participants are listed in Table 2. The EQ-5D score decreased with increasing age (*p* for trend < 0.001). In addition, the EQ-5D scores increased with increasing BMI (0.90, 0.89, 0.86, and 0.83 for obese, overweight, normal weight, and underweight, respectively). The EQ-5D scores also increased with increasing educational level (*p* for trend < 0.001) and income level (*p* < 0.001).

Table 3 shows the participants' age, BMI, and EQ-5D score according to depression category. The mean age, BMI, and EQ-5D score of participants with depression were 64.7, 24.2, and 0.88, respectively. The mean age and BMI were not significantly different between participants with and without depression, whereas the EQ-5D score was significantly lower in the participants with depression (0.77 and 0.89, respectively; *p* < 0.001).


**Table 2.** Mean EQ-5D scores of postmenopausal women according to demographic characteristics.

Note: a *p* is determined by linear trend test.

**Table 3.** Descriptive characteristics of the participants by depression category.


Note: Data are mean ± standard deviation. \* *p* < 0.0001 by *t*-test.

Table 4 shows the ORs for disability. The adjusted ORs for disability for each EuroQol category were significantly related to the prevalence of depression after adjusting for age (model 1) or for all other potential covariates (model 2) (*p* < 0.001). Compared to participants without depression, the adjusted ORs for mobility, self-care, usual activity, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression were 2.49 (95% CI, 1.79–3.47), 2.52 (95% CI, 1.68–3.78), 3.86 (95% CI, 2.78–5.36), 2.14 (95% CI, 1.57–2.92), and 5.52 (95% CI, 4.04–7.55), respectively, in those with depression (*p* < 0.001) (model 2).

**Table 4.** Adjusted odds ratios (OR, 95% CIs) for disability for the EuroQol categories in postmenopausal women.



**Table 4.** *Cont.*

Note: Model 1 was adjusted for age; model 2 was adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), educational level, andincome.
