**5. Conclusions**

Our findings raise the hypothesis that genetic risk for melatonin profile dysregulation, in combination with long-term road traffic noise, better captured in non-movers, may increase the risk for poor glucose homeostasis, particularly in diabetic patients. While our findings need replication and confirmation in other independent cohorts, experimental interventional studies should test the hypothesis to determine if counseling for noise control should be added to diabetes care.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/12/1492/s1, Table S1: Characteristics of common *MTNR1B* variants included in the study; Table S2: Characteristics of study participants included and excluded in the study; Table S3: Interaction between *MTNR1B* variants (single/score) and night-time road traffic noise (10 dB difference) on change in HbA1c, in all participants; Table S4: Association between *MTNR1B* variants and measures of HbA1c (%); Table S5: Interaction between *MTNR1B* genetic risk score and 10 dB difference in night-time road, railway and aircraft noise, on change in HbA1c; Table S6: Characteristics of included participants stratified by moving status; Figure S1: Selection of participants for the present study; Figure S2: Linkage disequilibrium matrix for seven common *MTNR1B* variants; Figure S3: Distribution of night-time road traffic, aircraft and railway noise in the included participants.

**Acknowledgments:** This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, SNF-SAPALDIA (grants numbers 33CS30-148470/1, 33CSCO-134276/1, 33CSCO-108796, 324730\_135673, 3247BO-104283, 3247BO-104288, 3247BO-104284, 3247-065896, 3100-059302, 3200-052720, 3200-042532, 4026-028099, PMPDP3\_129021/1, PMPDP3\_141671/1); SNF-SiRENE (grant number CRSII3\_147635) and the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment. SAPALDIA is also supported by the Federal Office of Public Health, the Federal Office of Roads and Transport, the canton's governmen<sup>t</sup> of Aargau, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Land, Geneva, Luzern, Ticino, Valais, and Zürich, the Swiss Lung League, the canton's Lung League of Basel Stadt/Basel Landschaft, Geneva, Ticino, Valais, Graubünden and Zurich, Stiftung ehemals Bündner Heilstätten, SUVA, Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, UBS Wealth Foundation, Talecris Biotherapeutics GmbH, Abbott Diagnostics, European Commission 018996 (GABRIEL), Wellcome Trust WT 084703MA.

**Author Contributions:** N.P.-H and I.C.E. conceived and designed the experiments; M.I., A.K., D.V., R.P., A.V., M.B., J.-M.W., C.C., M.R. and N.P.-H. performed the measurements; I.C.E., M.I., M.F., E.S., A.K., D.V., H.H., R.P., A.V., C.S., M.B., J.-M.W., C.C., M.R. and N.P.-H. analyzed the data; I.C.E., M.I., M.F., E.S., A.K., D.V., H.H., F.R., L.T., R.P., A.V., C.S., M.B., J.-M.W., C.C., M.R. and N.P.-H. wrote the paper.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no competing interests. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.
