*2.2. Measurement of Food Insecurity*

Measurement of food insecurity in this study followed the concept from the World Food Program (WFP). In practical terms, the definition of food security is related to the failure of the individual to fulfill their need for a nutritious diet [24] in terms of the frequency and diversity of food [25]. Based on the WFP concept, first, we conducted food consumption analysis, resulting in food consumption scores [26–28]. We used the same 10 types of food from the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in the IFLS4 and IFLS5 questionnaire for the food consumption analysis. The current study used the number of days in which the 10 food types were eaten by respondents in the seven days prior to the interview [25]. Second, the 10 food types of the IFLS4 and IFLS5 FFQ were then grouped into five food groups. The five food groups were the vegetable group (carrot, green leafy vegetables), fruit group (mango, papaya, banana), protein group (eggs, fish, meat), dairy products, and staple group (sweet potato) [19,21]. Third, a total from each food group, called the food consumption score (FCS), was then categorized based on the cutoffs of three food consumption groups (FCGs). The FCS is continuous data, while the FCG is categorical data from the categorization of the FCS. The three FCGs were "poor" if the FCS value was less than 21, "borderline" if the FCS value ranged from 21 to 35, and "acceptable" if the value was more than 35 [25]. Finally, this study defined food-insecure people as those who were in the "poor and borderline" group of FCGs, while food-secure people were defined as those in the "acceptable" group of FCG [28,29].
