**3. Results**

Aim number 1: Propose a new classification of PPA based on the characteristics of physical activity and the nature of the relation that links the individual to his/her physical activity, independently of the name the authors had originally given it.

Table 1 presents a plethora of terms and definitions used by authors, as well as the instruments used to assess PPA and the time of assessment.

We propose a new approach of PPA. It will categorize and differentiate the quantitative and the qualitative conceptualisations used in the literature, independently of the terms used by the authors, and divide studies into the following two groups:


Group 1 included 20 studies, group 2 included 20 studies, and seven studies were simultaneously in group 1 and group 2 (Table 2, column 2).

Table 1 summarizes terms used by authors, definitions, cut-offs, assessment instruments and time of assessment of PPA in ED. Results of study designs, diagnostic criteria of ED and sample composition are detailed in Table 3.

Aim number 2: Give an overview of the prevalence of PPA in ED patients and of the triggering, predicting, maintaining and other associated factors, using our proposed new classification of PPA, which takes into account the reported methodological discrepancies.



 5).



*Nutrients* **2020**, *12*, 183





Acc.:DDE:Addiction Inventory. EDE: Eating Disorder Examination. EDE-Q: Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. EDI-SC: Eating Disorders Inventory-Symptom Checklist. EDS-R:Exercise Dependence Scale—Revised. EEE-C: Eating and Exercise Examination-Computerized. EMA-Q: Ecological Momentary Assessment Questionnaire. EMI-2: Exercise MotivationsInventory-2. EPSQ: The Exercise Participation Screening Questionnaire. GAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder. GDES: Global Drive to Exercise Score. IPAQ: International PhysicalActivity Questionnaire. MAQ: Modifiable Activity Questionnaire. METs: Metabolic equivalents [85]. ORQ: Obligatory Running Questionnaire. PA: Physical activity. PAQ: Physicalactivity questionnaire. PDPAR: Pediatric Physical Activity Recall. REI: Reasons for Exercise Inventory. SIAB: Structured Interview for Anorexic and Bulimic Disorders. SDSS: SubstanceDependence Severity Scale. SIAB-EX: Structured Inventory for Anorexic and Bulimic Syndromes. 7d PAR: 7 days Physical Activity Recall. "-": no available data in study.


**Table 2.** Status and group classification of studies in the review and prevalence of problematic use of physical activity and statistical analysis used (columns 1 to 3).


**Table 2.** *Cont.*


**Table 2.** *Cont.*

Acc.: Accelerometer. Act.: Actimetry. AN: Anorexia Nervosa. AN-R: Anorexia nervosa restricting-type. AN-BP: Anorexia nervosa binge-eating/purging type.BN: Bulimia Nervosa. CES: Commitment to Exercise Scale. CET: Compulsive Exercise Test. Current ex. st.: Current exercise status. EMI-2: Exercise Motivation Inventory-2. GAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder. GDES: Global drive to exercise score. Int.: Interview. Lifetime ex. st.: Lifetime exercise status. Multi: Multivariate statistical analysis. SIAB: Structured Interview for Anorexic and Bulimic Disorders. Uni: Univariate statistical analysis. 7d PAR: 7 days Physical Activity Recall. "-": No available data in study. \* *p* < 0.05. <sup>a</sup> According to Shroff and colleagues [61] unique form of categorization of lifetime ED subtypes: RAN: AN with restrictive eating and no purging or bingeing behavior; PAN: AN with purging behavior and no bingeing behavior; BAN: AN with bingeing with or without compensatory behaviors; PBN: BN with purging behavior; NPBN: BN with bingeing and no purging behavior. <sup>b</sup> Unfused samples (see "results" paragraph).
