**Stefan Muthers \*, Gudrun Laschewski and Andreas Matzarakis**

Deutscher Wetterdienst, Research Center Human Biometeorologie, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; gudrun.laschewski@dwd.de (G.L.); andreas.matzarakis@dwd.de (A.M.)

**\*** Correspondence: stefan.muthers@dwd.de

Academic Editor: Clare Heaviside Received: 15 August 2017; Accepted: 7 November 2017; Published: 15 November 2017

**Abstract:** After 2003, another hot summer took place in Western and Central Europe in 2015. In this study, we compare the characteristics of the two major heat waves of these two summers and their effect on the heat related mortality. The analysis is performed with focus on South-West Germany (Baden–Württemberg). With an additional mean summer mortality of +7.9% (2003) and +5.8% (2015) both years mark the top-two records of the summer mortality in the period 1968–2015. In each summer, one major heat wave contributed strongly to the excess summer mortality: In August 2003, daily mortality reached anomalies of +70% and in July 2015 maximum deviations of +56% were observed. The August 2003 heat wave was very long-lasting and characterized by exceptional high maximum and minimum temperatures. In July 2015, temperatures were slightly lower than in 2003, however, the high air humidity during the day and night, lead to comparable heat loads. Furthermore, the heat wave occurred earlier during the summer, when the population was less acclimated to heat stress. Using regional climate models we project an increasing probability for future 2003- and 2015-like heat waves already in the near future (2021–2050), with a 2015-like event occurring about every second summer. In the far future (2070–2099) pronounced increases with more than two 2015-like heat waves per summer are possible.

**Keywords:** heat-waves; heat-related mortality; 2003; 2015; climate change; Germany
