*10.1. Schistosomiasis*

Schistosoma are transmitted as a result of cercaria burrowing through the skin of people working or bathing in contaminated waters. The cercaria develop in infected snails. Although temperature, precipitation and humidity are known to influence the development of schistosome parasites, as well as their intermediate snail hosts (*Biomphalaria* spp.; *Oncomelania* spp.) [118–121] and their internal defence system [122], modelling climate change impacts on disease can have mixed results [123,124]. Some scenarios show predicted increases and decreases [125], with degrees of uncertainty [126,127]. Increases in parasite growth related to temperature can be offset by increased snail mortality at higher temperatures [127]. Schistosoma eradication campaigns may be impacted by changes in snail distribution, migrant workers and weather [128]. The impact of water and sanitation on schistosomiasis has shown that access to safe water and adequate sanitation is important in reducing schistosomiasis [129,130].
