**6. Conclusions**

This study presents a field experiment in Xi'an, China to explore the personality basis of the individual difference between energy-saving attitudes in office and household environments. The SEM analysis results indicate that Agreeableness and Neuroticism are significantly correlated with energy-saving attitudes in both office and household environments. The finding suggests that the influence of these two personality traits on energy-saving attitudemight not depend on the surrounding environment. By contrast, the external environment plays a more critical role in the relationship between energy-saving attitudes and the other two personality traits, Openness and Extraversion. Openness only positively contributes to energy-saving attitudes and intentions in the household environment, while Extraversion only presents a significant relationship to ones' energy-saving attitudes in the o ffice. It is hoped that the findings would provide references for the energy-saving schemes as well as simulations in the future. The e ffectiveness of further energy-saving interventions would be much improved by targeting individuals with more energy-saving potentials. Besides, based on the findings in this study, further studies would explore the personality basis of the spillover e ffect of PEBs.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Q.-C.W. and Y.-X.W.; methodology, Q.-C.W.; software, Y.-X.W.; validation, Y.-X.W. and Y.-T.M.; formal analysis, Y.-X.W. and I.Y.J.; investigation, Y.-X.W. and Y.-T.M.; resources, Q.-C.W., I.Y.J. and X.L; data curation, I.Y.J.; writing—original draft preparation, Q.-C.W., Y.-X.W. and I.Y.J.; writing—review and editing, Q.-C.W., H.-H.W. and X.L.; visualization, I.Y.J. and Y.-T.M.; supervision, H.-H.W. and X.L.; project administration, H.-H.W. and X.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The research project is partially supported by the China Scholarship Council (CSC).

**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank the CSC for financial support. Besides, the authors would like to thank Meng Ni from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University who guided the project. Further, the authors would like to further acknowledge Jia-Yu Chen, Rui-Zhen Hu, Hao-Zhe Li, Yi-Nuo Su, Josephine Yim, Ya-Ni Zhang, Fang Lee and Justin Foo from the University of Cambridge as well as Frankie Leung from Harvard University. The project would not have completed without their warm encourage and invaluable suggestions.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
