*3.3. Cardiological Characteristics*

Echocardiography showed lower EFs and more thickened trabeculations in LV in children with LVNC and CHD than in those with VSDs (Table 3 and Figure 2). The average LV posterior wall (LVPW) z-score at the last visit was significantly higher than that at the initial visit (*p* = 0.0482). The average z-score of LVPWC thickness at the last visit was significantly lower than that of the initial visit (*p* = 0.0061).

**Table 3.** Comparison of physical findings of patients with LVNC and VSD between the initial and last visit.


LVNC-CHD; left ventricular noncompaction with congenital heart disease, VSD; ventricular septal defect, LVEF; left ventricular ejection fraction, LVDD; left ventricular diastolic dimension, LVPW; left ventricular posterior wall, LVPWC; compacted layer of left ventricular posterior wall, N/C; ratio of noncompacted/compacted layer.

**Figure 2.** Longitudinal data of echocardiographic data between LVNC with CHD and VSD groups. LVEF (**A**), average N/C ratio (**B**), LVPW z-score (**C**), and LVPWC z-score (**D**) between the initial and last visits. LVNC; left ventricular noncompaction, VSD; ventricular septal defect, LVEF; left ventricular ejection fraction, N/C; ratio of noncompacted/compacted layer, LVPW; left ventricular posterior wall, LVPWC; compacted layer of left ventricular posterior wall.
