*4.2. Measurements of Nephrology Parameters*

eGFR was calculated using the equation eGFR = 141 × min (serum creatinine/kappa, 1) alpha × max (serum creatinine/kappa, 1) − 1.209 × 0.993 × age × sex × race. For females, sex = 1.018; alpha = −0.329; and kappa = 0.7; for males, sex = 1; alpha = −0.411; and kappa = 0.9. Renal outcomes were chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression based on guidelines of the International Society of Nephrology; accelerated eGFR decline, defined as an annual eGFR reduction > 3 mL/min/1.72 m2; or the development of CKD stage ≥ 3. CKD stages 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 4, and 5 were defined as eGFRs of ≥ 90, 60–89, 45–59, 30–44, 15–29, and < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively, and CKD progression was defined as a decline in eGFR category accompanied by a ≥ 25% deterioration in eGFR from baseline [56].

#### *4.3. Urinary Protein Sample Preparation*

Urine samples were centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 30 min to remove debris, and 300 μL of each supernatant was mixed with 100 μL High Select™ HSA/Immunoglobulin Depletion Resin (Cat. No: A36368, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and incubated for 1 h at 4 ◦C to remove albumin and immunoglobulin. Following centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 10 min, the supernatant was dried using a speed vac with a cold trap (CentriVap Cold Traps, Labconco, Kansas City, MO, USA).
