2.2.4. Summary of Changes in s/pNGAL

The importance of s/pNGAL in the diagnosis of AKI in exercise is questionable. NGAL is released by respiratory epithelium, liver and heart, and therefore changes in the s/pNGAL level could be caused by inflammation, hypoxia or muscle damage, conditions which are integral to exercise [35,42]. Therefore, it is unclear to which degree, if any, an increase in NGAL after exercise is related to kidney injury. The methodological problem is that a huge difference between athletes is observed [40].
