**11. Conclusions**

The early diagnosis of AKI, adequate preventive and therapeutic approaches in critically ill septic patients, are still a challenge for clinicians. Some experimental AKI biomarkers are undergoing research to help clinicians with essential, timely detection of renal injury. However, to date, there is no specific biomarker for particular toxic, septic or ischemic renal damage. None of them is able to distinguish between specific insult causing the AKI. For this reason, there is considerable current attention on miRNAs and their pathophysiological role in the human organism.

**Author Contributions:** N.P. wrote the main text of the manuscript, conceived and designed the underlying scientific project, A.M., J.Z. and D.S. reviewed the manuscript, I.K. contributed with pharmacological consultations, Z.S. and R.S. contributed with biochemical consultations. V.K. collected the scientific research data, M.K. and V.H. contributed with intensive care consultations. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The project is supported by the Ministry of Health Czech Republic—conceptual development of research organization (01-RVO-FNOs/2019).

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this manuscript or project.
