*2.1. Case Study*

RTCs provide accommodations, administration shelters, ablutions, maintenance, storage, hangar, and kitchen facilities. RTCs generally include tents identical to those deployed by militaries throughout the world (Figure 1). The population supported by RTCs can vary considerably from day to day, depending on operational activities as well as surges due to the rotation of personnel. Deployed personnel are provided a bed space in a tent that holds 4–10 people. The accommodations are located in a condensed area adjacent to the ablutions. Ablutions units are composed of a shower, a toilet, and a sink, each unit serving 10 members of the camp population.

**Figure 1.** Tent demonstration unit in Toronto, ON, built within Ryerson University (**left**) and full assembly of relocatable temporary camp (RTC) (**right**).

Multiple, independent systems are in place for electrical power generation and distribution, heating and cooling, storage and distribution of fuel and water, and waste disposal. These systems are not designed to promote energy e fficiency. The current energy managemen<sup>t</sup> approach in RTCs relies on diesel-powered generators for electricity production. Electrical energy is provided to the camp via multiple single-speed generator farms that incorporate variants of 300, 350, and 500 kW generators.

To avoid low load operation, load banks are employed to keep the generators running at optimal conditions and e fficiency points. Excess electricity not required in the camp is ultimately diverted to a load bank where it is converted to waste heat. In the current "baseline" scenario, diesel-fired space heaters are used for heating. Cooling is provided by electric environmental conditioning units. Heating and cooling units are attached to each tent and are controlled by individual users.
