**5. Simulation Results**

All simulations reported in this section have been implemented in SystemC-AMS 2.1 and run on a server installed with Intel Xeon 2.40 GHz CPU (16 cores, 2 threads each) and 128GB RAM, with Ubuntu operating system 18.04.1.

## *5.1. EES Case Study 1*

As an example case study, we used a grid-connected EES built upon the prototype of [46], and sketched on the left hand side of Figure 5. The EES includes a wind turbine, a photovoltaic (PV) array, a battery pack, various AC loads, a common DC bus, and the necessary converters. Tables 1 and 2 report the main characteristics of the EES components, in terms of rated power and costs, respectively. The right hand side of Figure 5 shows the mapping of the case study to the proposed two-layer approach. The following subsections will detail the construction of the power and cost layers.

**Figure 5.** Structure of the electrical energy system (EES) case study 1 (**left**) and result of the application of the proposed approach (**right**).


**Table 1.** Characteristics of prototype EES components.

**Table 2.** Initial capital cost and nominal lifetime of EES components.

