*2.2. Energy Modeling*

The virtual model reproducing the existing base camp (baseline) was sized for accommodating 150-persons and included 15 accommodations, each hosting 10 persons, 15 ablutions, administration, maintenance, laundry and storage hangar, kitchen, and dining facilities (Table 1). Each accommodation tent was 5.80 m length and 5.10 m width, with a medium internal height of 2.30 m. Data have been obtained in line with the technical sheet of the model by Montana 29 tent, Ferrino (Figure 2). The relative U-values of the envelope reported in Table 2 were estimated assuming that the standard shelter system was a canvas tent with low thermal resistance, in agreemen<sup>t</sup> with the literature [19].


**Table 1.** Modeled zone properties of the military base camp.

**Figure 2.** Geometric characteristic of the modeled tent.

**Table 2.** Modeled envelope construction: thermal properties of the fabric tent of the military shelters.


Camp electric power capacity was sized for 1.5 kW/person, considering data related to past RTC deployments. Specific electrical load profiles were also taken into consideration. Generators were sized with a 10% overload and a further 10% expansion capability factor.

Typical fuel consumption for a 1.5 kW/person load provision was approximately 2000 L of diesel per person per year. Besides, it was assumed that 500 L of diesel fuel per person per year was used for direct combustion, which after accounting for an 80% efficiency, provided 15 GJ of energy for space heating.

Figure 3 shows the detailed HVAC system and power generation scheme of the base camp, which, for a 150-person camp size, has a total diesel consumption including heating of 2500 <sup>L</sup>/person\*year, has a heating diesel consumption of 500 <sup>L</sup>/person\*year, and allows a hot water consumption of 30 <sup>L</sup>/person\*day.

**Figure 3.** Baseline camp: HVAC system and power generation scheme for a base camp.

Solution designs were also conceived to operate for prolonged periods in extremely hot (up to 50 ◦C) or cold (down to −40 ◦C) climates, as well as in all the temperate climatic conditions. Temperature, precipitation, daylight, and wind data of a temperate climate zone, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, was used for all design calculations as required by the Canadian Defense Department. Further simulations were made to analyze the proposed system performance in different climate zones with severe conditions, including: Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada), Kanoya (Japan), Churchill (Manitoba, Canada), and Changi (Singapore).
