*5.1. Test System*

As the DC distribution system, we consider a 21-node test system with two slack (diesel) generators located at nodes 1 and 21, which support voltage profiles in the grid with 1.0 and 1.05 p.u, respectively. The configuration of this test system is depicted in Figure 3 and the base values of this test system are 1 kV and 100 kW [4].

**Figure 3.** Electrical configuration for the 21-node test system.

Table 1 reports the numerical information of this test system, where its interpretation from left-to-right is as follows: Sending node, receiving node, branch resistance and power consumption at the receiving node. Note that in the case of the diesel generator located at node 21, there is a constant power consumption connected to its node.

Note that the total power consumption of this test feeder at the peak load is 554 kW.


**Table 1.** Electrical parameters of the 21-node test system.

### *5.2. Objective Function and Daily Curves*

To determine the number of greenhouse emissions by using diesel generators, we consider the information reported in [6]. In this reference the number of different greenhouse emissions caused by diesel generators with sizes smaller than 1 MW is presented. This information is reported in Table 2.

**Table 2.** Main gasses released by diesel generators with capacities lower than 1 MW.


Due to the most important emissions being carbon dioxide (*CO*2), we select the average value in the rank, i.e., 1350 lb/MWh, to consider in the objective function. In the case of renewable generation prediction, in Table 3 a typical curve is reported for a sunny day in the Caribbean region in Colombia, as is the prediction reached by the proposed ANN. (This information is presented numerically to guarantee that results can be reproduced in future research.) In addition, we include a curve for power consumption provided by a utility in Colombia. (The name of the utility is not provided due to

confidential agreements.) Note that these curves are normalized to make them independent of the size of the PV source or the size of the utility [44,50].


**Table 3.** Real and predictive PV curves and load behavior during a typical sunny day in Colombia.
