**4. Conclusions**

Social, psychological, and underlying philosophical issues that are pandemic-related may have a considerable and lasting impact on societies and on particular individuals. Some related practice suggestions are to address the moral distress of health care providers who have to make particularly di fficult—sometimes life or death—decisions due to very scarce health care resources, and to provide additional emotional support such as to (self) quarantined people and to people who have pre-pandemic mental challenges (preferably provided by their significant others and/or mental health care providers). Some related policy suggestions are to secure additional income support for socially disadvantaged people during and soon after the pandemic, and to provide additional protections for special social groupings that are considered socially undesirable by some if the pandemic results in disruptive political change (that may last after the pandemic). Some related research suggestions are to study societal preparation for pandemics, perhaps learning from positive deviance such as Taiwan's successful preparation for the current (COVID-19) pandemic based on its experience with the SARS pandemic nearly 20 years ago [1]. Some related education suggestions are to train the general public as well as health care providers and other first responders in advance in responsible behaviors that protect them and others during a pandemic and other challenging times. More reflection on and study of social and psychological challenges as well as underlying philosophical issues related to the current pandemic, and more generally to global crises, is needed.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The author declares no conflict of interest.
