*Cybersecurity*

The third and final discipline has been the use of biosensors for cybersecurity purposes. This is a small transition from biometrics into cybersecurity as they are closely related. This research can be applied in two di fferent areas of cybersecurity—authentication and cryptography. Both are important in our world with the advent of the digital age, so there is a call for innovative and worthwhile technologies across all disciplines to innovate and advance the novel research into cyber technologies. For authentication, biometrics that were mentioned previously can be applied. Ideally, if one can di fferentiate people, the same technology can be used to identify a person, or at the very least, dismiss an imposter. Cryptography is the use of codes and cyphers in order to encryp<sup>t</sup> data to keep them safe, either in transmission between people as a message or safekeeping in storage [106–108]. Many multidisciplinary researchers have been applying their research to encryption, including, but not limited to, fluorescence [109–117], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [118], bacteria [119], antibodies [120], and molecular computing systems [121–124], with the heaviest research in DNA applications [125–133].

## **2. Research**
