**1. Background**

Biosensors are widely used in multiple processes today. These include, but are not limited to, clinical diagnostics [1–10], environmental processes [11–13], the food industry [13–18], and devices for military use [15,19,20]. More recently, the use of biosensors has been noted in other disciplines, namely forensics, biometrics, and cybersecurity. As biosensors are devices that employ sensing techniques relying on biorecognition elements, they are able to provide specific, rapid results pertaining to bioa ffinity-based reactions. The use of biosensors in forensics enables investigators to have another source of information in addition to DNA analysis that also provides worthwhile information quickly for them to narrow down their investigation in a timely manner. Biometrics and biosensors are becoming more closely related as the technology improves in that field. The di fferentiation of people with more noninvasive biosensors, biosensors that do not involve intrusive procedures, is exceedingly useful. The main procedures used here involve electrochemical and enzymatic assays for analysis. Lastly, with the advent of computers, the use of biosensors in unconventional computing [21] and the combination of computing with chemistry, biology, and physics have become another facet for biosensors.
