**Biosensors—Recent Advances and Future Challenges in Electrode Materials**

#### **Fernando Otero and Edmond Magner \***

Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; fernando.otero.diez@ul.ie

**\*** Correspondence: edmond.magner@ul.ie

Received: 29 May 2020; Accepted: 19 June 2020; Published: 23 June 2020

**Abstract:** Electrochemical biosensors benefit from the simplicity, sensitivity, and rapid response of electroanalytical devices coupled with the selectivity of biorecognition molecules. The implementation of electrochemical biosensors in a clinical analysis can provide a sensitive and rapid response for the analysis of biomarkers, with the most successful being glucose sensors for diabetes patients. This review summarizes recent work on the use of structured materials such as nanoporous metals, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and ordered mesoporous carbon for biosensing applications. We also describe the use of additive manufacturing (AM) and review recent progress and challenges for the use of AM in biosensing applications.

**Keywords:** electrochemical biosensors; glucose biosensors; nanoporous metals; nanoporous gold; graphene; carbon nanotube; ordered mesoporous carbon; additive manufacturing
